wikileak on 'logical matter' (hyle)

From wiki, "Logic", accessed today:


"Logical form."

"Logic is generally accepted to be formal, in that it aims to analyze and represent the form (or logical form) of any valid argument type."

"The form of an argument is displayed by representing its sentences in the formal grammar and symbolism of a logical language to make its content usable in formal inference."

"If one considers the notion of form to be too philosophically loaded, one could say that formalizing is nothing else than translating English sentences in the language of logic."

"This is known as showing the logical form of the argument."

"It is necessary because indicative sentences of ordinary language show a considerable variety of form and complexity that makes their use in inference impractical."

"It requires, first, ignoring those grammatical features which are irrelevant to logic (such as gender and declension if the argument is in Latin), replacing conjunctions which are not relevant to logic (such as 'but') with logical conjunctions like 'and' and replacing ambiguous or alternative logical expressions ('any', 'every', etc.) with expressions of a standard type (such as 'all', or the universal quantifier ∀)."

"Second, certain parts of the sentence must be replaced with schematic letters."

"Thus, for example, the expression 'all As are Bs' shows the logical form which is common to the sentences 'all men are mortals', 'all cats are carnivores', 'all Greeks are philosophers' and so on."

"That the concept of form is fundamental to logic was already recognized in ancient times."

"Aristotle uses variable letters to represent valid inferences in Prior Analytics, leading Jan Łukasiewicz to say that the introduction of variables was 'one of Aristotle's greatest inventions'.[12]"

AMNONIUS

"According to the followers of Aristotle (such as Ammonius [disambiguation needed]), only the logical principles stated in schematic terms belong to logic, and not those given in concrete terms."

LF rather than ILF in Chomsky's jargon. Logical form, rather than INTERPRETED logical form.

"The concrete terms 'man', 'mortal', etc., are analogous to the substitution values of the schematic placeholders 'A', 'B', 'C', which were called the 'matter' (Greek 'hyle') of the inference."

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But then he died, Amnonius.