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Monday, April 3, 2017

Morton Deutsch and Herbert Paul Grice on conflict resolution and helpfulness -- conversational and other!

Speranza

Morton Deutsch, if you've heard of him (or as Grice would say, “even if you haven’t”) is best described as an expert on Conflict Resolution, in other words, an expert on, if not Popper, or Carnap, Grice!

One telling example:

After Morton Deutsch learned that Lydia Shapiro, his future wife (as it happens) was sunbathing (yes! – this is a figure of speech – you only LITERALLY bathe in water) along (of all places) the Charles River in Boston, while she was supposed, rather, to be boringly interviewing ten subjects for one of Deutsch’s contrived sociological experiments, Deutsch resorted to what D. K. Lewis would call a rather “conventional” means of resolving a work-place dispute: Deutsch fired Schapiro.

A little more than a year later, though, Deutsch took a more creative or  constructive approach to repairing their frayed relationship: they became what Grice would call “fully cooperative partners,” or in more Christian terms, husband and wife.

“I have in the past accused my wife of marrying me to “get even,” as we say in New England, but she asserts, using a Freudianism, that it was “pure masochism,”” Deutsch wryly recalls.

After completing his experiment in graduate school, Deutsch, who lives on the isle of Manhattan, perfected his Griceian formula for reconciliation to become a leading expert on Griceian conflict resolution and mediation.

Deutsch not only remained married fory years, he also co-wrote a prescriptive essay entitled “Preventing World War III," where "preventing" is conceptually related to 'predicting' (via opposition) --. (You predict that p; you prevent p from happening).

Whatever credit Deutsch might have deserved for thwarting another global military conflict, his principles provided (as a matter of intellectual history) a theoretical framework for various Cold-War negotiations (i.e. not hot-war ones, as Grice would disimplicate) for court decisions that voided legally sanctioned racial segregation, and for Poland’s rather peaceful transition from Communist rule.

Deutsch served on the faculty at Columbia -- "the uni in New York," as Grice explains, "not the country in South America" -- until he became professor emeritus.

There, Deutsch founded the International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution (since renamed for him), which he ran.

Deutsch should have called it "The Grice Institute," or the "Manhattan Centre for Griceian Studies," if you mustn't (but perhaps Grice is too Oxonian for that?)

Cfr. Grice's New York example, though:

A: Smith doesn't seem to be having a girl-friend these days.

B: He's spending a lot of time in New York.

     (Logic and Conversation, II, Harvard). Implicating (or “+>” what?)

“The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice,” which he (Deutsch, not Grice -- now this is getting confusing) edited with Peter T. Coleman and Eric C. Marcus, is (for those who know it) a standard manual for dealing with labour, commercial, international and (why not?) marital disputes.

John T. Jost, a social psychologist at New York University (yes, they exist!) wrote in “The journal Social Justice Research” that “in what is probably Deutsch’s most influential essay, “The Resolution of Conflict,” Deutsch summarises the lessons of his research tutorials on, among other things, Griceian cooperation and conflict” – where the ‘other things’ are oddly Griceian, too!

“The point,” Jost notes, “is”, almost alla Witters (as Grice calls Wittgenstein, “for short”), “that social forms are self-fulfilling, so that anti-Griceian coercion, anti-Griceian intimidation, anti-Griceian deception -- or ‘sneakiness,’ as Grice prefers – including D. F. Pears’s favourite form, ‘self-deception’ --, anti-Grceian distrust and anti-Griceian hostility are both causes and effects of competition, whereas Griceian assistance, Griceian openness, Griceian information-sharing, Griceian perceived similarity, and Griceian friendliness are both causes and effects of, of course, Griceian cooperation,” or ‘helpfulness,’ as Grice less pretentiously puts it in his less pretentious (than the Harvard ones) Oxford lectures on logic and conversation where he coined the English term of art ‘implicature’ – “Implicatura” had been used in Latin by Sidonius!

Morton Deutsch was born, of all places, in the Bronx, to Charles and Ida Deutsch, Jewish immigrants from what is now Poland (implicature: but then really wasn’t). His father, if you care to know, was a butter and egg wholesaler (Implicature: his mother was not)

Raised in the picturesque Washington Heights section of Manhattan (Grice lived on the Berkeley Heights), Deutsch read Freud and Marx when he was ten years old, graduated from Townsend Harris Hall and entered City College when he was fifteen years old planning, or 'intending', as Grice would prefer, to become a psychiatrist (vide Grice, "Intention and Uncertainty").

“I became disenchanted with the idea of being a pre-med student after dissecting a pig in a biology lab,” Deutsch, not Grice, recalls.

Oddly, ‘grice’ means ‘pig’ in Scots.

“I was happy to switch to a psychology major,” Deutsch notes.

Deutsch received a bachelor of science degree from City College and a master’s from the Uni of Pennsylvania.

“I grew up in a time when, as a Jew, I experienced many instances of prejudice, blatant as well as subtle, and could observe the gross acts of injustice being suffered by blacks,” Deutsch recalls in an essay in “Reflections on 100 Years of Experimental Social Psychology.”

Deutsch did not merely “observe,” to use a Popperianism

Deutsch contributed lunch money to the Spanish Loyalists in the 1930s; organized a protest against the quality of high-school cafeteria food and a strike by fellow waiters at a summer resort during college; challenged what he considered a racist statement by a professor; and, after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour, enlisted in the Army Air Forces and flew 30 missions as a navigator over the Nazi-occupied Old World.

“Being in World War II and experiencing the devastation and horror of war, even though I felt the war against the Nazis was justified, I became interested in prevention of war,” Deutsch observes in “Teachers College Today” magazine

It was at M.I.T., where Deutsch earned his doctorate on the G.I. Bill, where he also met his afore-mentioned wife, Shapiro.

It was also at M.I.T. where Deutsch became a disciple of Kurt Lewin, the psychologist whose favourite dictum was something Popper would perhaps approve of: “There’s nothing so practical as a good theory” (Lewin is punning on the Aristotelian terms of art which happen to be opposite for Aristotle, ‘theoria’, or contemplation, and ‘praxis’ or action).

Deutsch’s postgraduate studies were heavily influenced by the atomic bombings of Japan, followed by the formation of the United Nations.

Deutsch’s doctoral dissertation is the basis for his Griceian theory of Griceian cooperation and competition, which postulates that the success of a group – A and B -- depends on the extent to which its members believe their goals are shared and see a potential to make common cause.

cfr. Grice's keyword: "COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE".

 

More formally, let “G” stand for “goal”, and “BEL” for “believe”.

 

BEL(B)G(A)p à G(B)p

In plain English, if B believes that A’s goal is to secure the state of affairs, “p”, then B assumes that goal, if only momentarily.

 

In other words,

The intersection of G(A) and G(B) is not null. Cooperation, including conversation, is not a zero-sum game.

He (Deutsch, not Grice) had in mind the United Nation’s Security Council, he says, when “I had an image of them either co-operating or competing and had different senses of what the consequences would be for the world.” (For Frege, there are only two senses: to the right (spin positive) and to the left (spin negative); for Grice, there is only one sense – “do not multiply senses beyond necessity”).

But the same rules (only for Grice they are not rules) apply for confrontations big and small, and, since he fired (but later married) Shapiro, his researcher at M.I.T., Deutsch says there were plenty of occasions to practice what he preached.

“In our years of marriage,” he says, using an expression meant to provoke Popper, “I have had splendid opportunities to study conflict as a participant observer.”

Morton Deutsch and Herbert Paul Grice on Conflict Resolution -- and beyond

Speranza
Morton Deutsch, if you've heard of him (or as Geary would add, "even if you haven't") is best described as an expert on Conflict Resolution, in other words, an expert on, if not Popper, Grice!

One telling example:

After Morton Deutsch learned that Lydia Shapiro, his future wife (as it happens) was sunbathing (yes!) along (of all places) the Charles River in Boston, while she was supposed to be interviewing subjects for one of Deutsch's sociological experiments, he resorted to what D. K. Lewis would call a "conventional" means of resolving a workplace dispute.

Deutsch fired Schapiro.
A little more than a year later, though, Deutsch took a slightly more creative or constructive approach to repairing their frayed relationship. Deutsch and Schapiro became what Grice would call "fully cooperative partners," husband and wife.
“I have in the past accused my wife of marrying me to "get even," as they say, but she asserts, uinstead, and using a Freudianism,  that it was "pure masochism,"" Deutsch wryly recalls.

After completing his experiment in graduate school, Deutsch, who lives on the isle of Manhattan, perfected this formula for reconciliation to become a leading expert on Griceian conflict resolution and mediation.

He not only remained married for decades, but co-wrote a prescriptive essay titled “Preventing World War III," where "preventing" is conceptually related to 'predicting' (via opposition) --. (To prevent is that what others might predict won't happen).

Whatever credit Deutsch might have deserved for thwarting another global military conflict, his principles provided, as a matter of history, a theoretical framework for various Cold-War negotiations (as Grice notes, "not hot-war ones"), for court decisions that voided legally sanctioned racial segregation, and for Poland’s rather peaceful transition from Communist rule (where "rule" is used alla Searle -- vide his constitutive/regulative rule distinction).

Deutsch served on the faculty at Columbia -- "the uni in New York," as Grice explains, "not the country in South America" -- until he became professor emeritus (of Columbia, not Colombia).

There (in Columbia, not Colombia) Deutsch, not Grice, founded the International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution (since renamed for him -- Deutsch, not Grice), which he (naturally) ran (figuratively -- i.e. using mainly his brain rather than his legs)

He should have called it "The Grice Institute," or the "Manhattan Centre for Griceian Studies," if you mustn't. ("But I thought Grice was too Oxonian for that?")

Cfr. Grice's New York example:

A: Smith doesn't seem to be having a girl-friend these days.

B: He's spending a lot of time in New York.

     (Logic and Conversation, II, Harvard)

“The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice,” which he (Deutsch, not Grice -- now this is getting confusing) edited with Peter T. Coleman and Eric C. Marcus, is (for those who know it) a standard manual for dealing with labour, commercial, international and (why not?) marital disputes.

John T. Jost, a social psychologist at New York University, writes in The journal Social Justice Research that “in what is probably Deutsch’s most influential essay, ‘The Resolution of Conflict,' he summarized the lessons of his research tutorials on, among other things, Griceian cooperation and conflict.” (Oddly, the "other things" are _also_ Griceian, if not Popperian).

“The point,” Jost notes, “is" almost Wittgensteinian, to wit, "that social forms are self-fulfilling, so that anti-Griceian coercion, anti-Griceian intimidation, anti-Griceian deception -- or 'sneakiness', as Grice prefers), anti-Griceian distrust and anti-Griceian hostility are both causes and effects of competition, whereas Griceian assistance, Griceian openness, Griceian information sharing, Griceian perceived similarity, and Griceian friendliness are both causes and effects of, of course, Griceian cooperation, or 'helpfulness', as Grice prefers in his Oxford lectures on logic and conversation where he coined the English term of art 'implicature'. (Sidonius had used it in Latin, 'implicatura').

Morton Deutsch was born, of all places, in the Bronx, to Charles and Ida Deutsch, both Jewish immigrants from what is now Poland (implicature: but then wasn't). His father, if you care to know, was a butter and egg wholesaler. Ida wasn't.
Raised in the picturesque Washington Heights section of Manhattan (Grice lived on the Berkeley Heights), Deutsch read Freud and Marx when he was ten years old, graduated from Townsend Harris Hall and entered City College when he was fifteen planning, or 'intending', as Grice would prefer, to become a psychiatrist (vide Grice, "Intention and Uncertainty").
Deutsch (not Grice) recalls: "I became disenchanted with the idea of being a pre-med student after dissecting a pig in a biology lab."

(Oddly, "Grice" means 'pig' in Scots).

“I was happy to switch to a psychology major.”

Again, Deutsch, not Grice, received a bachelor of science degree from City College and a master’s from the Uni of Pennsylvania.

“I grew up in a time when, as a Jew, I experienced many instances of prejudice, blatant as well as subtle, and could observe the gross acts of injustice being suffered by blacks,” Deutsch recalls in an essay in “Reflections on 100 Years of Experimental Social Psychology.”

And Deutsch did not merely "observe" (to use a Popperianism -- recall his injunction to his class, "Observe" -- the the puzzlement of his students, "Observe _what_, prof?" -- They missed Popper's implicature -- "or rather it went over their heads").

Deutsch (not Grice, or Popper) contributed lunch money to the Spanish Loyalists in the 1930s; organized a protest against the quality of high school cafeteria food and a strike by fellow waiters at a summer resort during college; challenged what he considered racist statements by a professor; and, after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour, enlisted in the Army Air Forces and flew 30 missions as a navigator over Nazi-occupied Old World.

“Being in World War II and experiencing the devastation and horror of war, even though I felt the war against the Nazis was justified, I became interested in prevention of war,” Deutsch notes in the "Teachers College Today" magazine

It was at M.I.T., where Deutsch (not Grice or Popper) earns his doctorate on the G.I. Bill, and perhaps more importantly, where he also met his wife, the afore-mentioned Shapiro.

It was also at M.I.T. -- a lot of things happen at this institute of technology -- where Deutsch (not Grice or Popper) became a disciple of Kurt Lewin, the psychologist whose favorite dictum was something Popper would perhaps approve of: “There’s nothing so practical as a good theory.” (Lewin is punning on Aristotle, where 'theoria' and 'praxis' are his terms of art).
Deutsch’s postgraduate studies were heavily influenced by the atomic bombings of Japan, followed by the formation of the United Nations.

Deutsch's (not Grice -- to be a DPhil in Oxford is to be overqualified) doctoral dissertation was the basis for his Griceian theory of Griceian cooperation and competition, which postulates that the success of a group (A and B) depends on the extent to which its members (A and B -- as per the New York Grice conversation cited above:
 
A: Smith doesn't seem to be having a girl-friend these days.
B: He has been paying a lots of visits to the Hamptons of late.

-- believe their goals are shared and see a potential to make common cause.

(in other words, conversation, and other forms of cooperative behaviour are not zero-sum games).  (In symbols, GA Int.(intersection) GB (the intersection of A's and B's goals) is not null or the empty set.
cfr. Grice's keyword: "COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE".
He (Deutsch, not Grice) had in  (his) mind the United Nation’s Security Council, he says, when “I had an image of them either cooperating or competing and had different senses of what the consequences would be for the world.”

For Frege senses can be of two types: to the right, or to the left. For Grice there is only one sense ('do not multiply senses beyond necessity'). Popper (or at least McEvoy) use 'sense' more, shall we say, broadly.

But the same rules, if rules they are, Deutsch says (they are NOT rules for Grice) apply for confrontations big and small, and, since he fired (but later married) Shapiro, his researcher at M.I.T., Deutsch says, perhaps jocularly there were plenty of occasions to practice what he preached.

“In our years of marriage (+>to my wife),” Deutsch (not Grice, or Popper) says, using an expression meant to provoke Popper, “I have had splendid opportunities to study conflict as a participant observer.”

-- where 'study' may NOT be Griceian (or Popperian) understatement for 'necessarily resolve'. Or not, of course.
Cheers,



Morton Deutsch and Herbert Paul Grice

Speranza





One example:


After Morton Deutsch learned that Lydia Shapiro, his future wife, was sunbathing along the Charles River in Boston, while she was supposed to be interviewing subjects for one of Deutsch's sociological experiments, he resorted to a conventional means of resolving a workplace dispute.


Deutsch fired Schapiro.
A little more than a year later, though, Deutsch took a more creative and constructive approach to repairing their frayed relationship.


They became what Grice would call "fully cooperative partners," husband and wife.
“I have in the past accused my wife of marrying me to "get even," as they say, but she asserts, using a Freudianism, it was "pure masochism,"" Deutsch wryly recalls.
After completing his experiment in graduate school, Deutsch, who lives in Manhattan, perfected his formula for reconciliation to become a leading expert on Griceian conflict resolution and mediation.
Continue reading the main story

He not only remained married for nearly seven decades, he also co-wrote a prescriptive book titled “Preventing World War III," where "preventing" is conceptually related to 'predicting' (via opposition) --.
Whatever credit he might have deserved for thwarting another global military conflict, Deutsch’s principles provides a theoretical framework for various Cold War negotiations, for court decisions that voided legally sanctioned racial segregation, and for Poland’s peaceful transition from Communist rule.
He served on the faculty at Columbia -- "the uni in New York," as Grice explains, "not the country in South America" -- until he became professor emeritus.
There he founded the International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution (since renamed for him), which he ran.


He should have called it "The Grice Institute," or the "Manhattan Centre for Griceian Studies," if you mustn't.


Cfr. Grice's New York example:


A: Smith doesn't seem to be having a girl-friend these days.
B: He's spending a lot of time in New York.
     (Logic and Conversation, II, Harvard)

“The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice,” which he (Deutsch, not Grice -- now this is getting confusing) edited with Peter T. Coleman and Eric C. Marcus, is (for those who know it) a standard manual for dealing with labour, commercial, international and (why not?) marital disputes.
John T. Jost, a social psychologist at New York University, wrote in the journal Social Justice Research that “in what is probably Deutsch’s most influential book, ‘The Resolution of Conflict,' he summarized the lessons of his research tutorials on, among other things, Griceian cooperation and conflict.”
“The point,” Jost notes, “is that social forms are self-fulfilling, so that coercion, intimidation, deception, distrust and hostility are both causes and effects of competition, whereas Griceian assistance, Griceian openness, Griceian information sharing, Griceian perceived similarity, and Griceian friendliness are both causes and effects of, of course, Griceian cooperation.”
Morton Deutsch was born, of all places, in the Bronx, to Charles and Ida Deutsch, Jewish immigrants from what is now Poland (implicature: but then wasn't). His father, if you care to know, was a butter and egg wholesaler.
Photo




Raised in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan, Deutsch read Freud and Marx when he was 10, graduated from Townsend Harris Hall and entered City College when he was 15 planning, or 'intending', as Grice would prefer, to become a psychiatrist (vide Grice, "Intention and Uncertainty").
“I became disenchanted with the idea of being a pre-med student after dissecting a pig in a biology lab,” Deutsch, not Grice, recalls. “I was happy to switch to a psychology major.”
He received a bachelor of science degree from City College and a master’s from the University of Pennsylvania.
“I grew up in a time when, as a Jew, I experienced many instances of prejudice, blatant as well as subtle, and could observe the gross acts of injustice being suffered by blacks,” he recalled in an essay in “Reflections on 100 Years of Experimental Social Psychology.”
He did not merely observe.


He contributed lunch money to the Spanish Loyalists in the 1930s; organized a protest against the quality of high school cafeteria food and a strike by fellow waiters at a summer resort during college; challenged what he considered racist statements by a professor; and, after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour, enlisted in the Army Air Forces and flew 30 missions as a navigator over Nazi-occupied Europe.
“Being in World War II and experiencing the devastation and horror of war, even though I felt the war against the Nazis was justified, I became interested in prevention of war,” Deutsch told Teachers College Today magazine
It was at M.I.T., where he earned his doctorate on the G.I. Bill, where he also met his wife, Shapiro.
It was also at M.I.T. where he became a disciple of Kurt Lewin, the psychologist whose favorite dictum was something Popper would perhaps approve of: “There’s nothing so practical as a good theory.”
Deutsch’s postgraduate studies were heavily influenced by the atomic bombings of Japan, followed by the formation of the United Nations.


His doctoral dissertation was the basis for his Griceian theory of Griceian cooperation and competition, which postulated that a group’s success depends on the extent to which its members believe their goals are shared and see a potential to make common cause.


cfr. Grice's keyword: "COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE".

He (Deutsch, not Grice) had in mind the United Nation’s Security Council, he said, when “I had an image of them either cooperating or competing and had different senses of what the consequences would be for the world.”
But the same rules applied for confrontations big and small, and, since he fired (but later married) Shapiro, his researcher at M.I.T., Deutsch said there were plenty of occasions to practice what he preached.
“In our 60 years of marriage,” he says, using an expression meant to provoke Popper, “I have had splendid opportunities to study conflict as a participant observer.”

Morton Deutsch and Herbert Paul Grice


Speranza



After Morton Deutsch learned that Lydia Shapiro was sunbathing along the Charles River in Boston when she was supposed to be interviewing subjects for his sociological experiment, he resorted to a conventional means of resolving a workplace dispute: He abruptly fired her.
A little more than a year later, though, he took a more creative and constructive approach to repairing their frayed relationship: They became fully cooperative partners, husband and wife.
“I have accused Lydia of marrying me to get even, but she asserts it was pure masochism,” Professor Deutsch wryly recalled.
After completing his experiment in graduate school, Professor Deutsch, who died on March 13 in Manhattan at 97, perfected his formula for reconciliation to become a leading expert on conflict resolution and mediation.
Continue reading the main story
He not only remained married for nearly seven decades, he also co-wrote a prescriptive book titled “Preventing World War III” (1962).
Whatever credit he might have deserved for thwarting another global military conflict, Professor Deutsch’s principles provided a theoretical framework for various Cold War negotiations, for court decisions that voided legally sanctioned racial segregation in the United States, and for Poland’s peaceful transition from Communist rule in 1989.
He served on the faculty at Teachers College of Columbia University from 1963 until he became professor emeritus in 1990. There he founded the International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution (since renamed for him), which he ran until 1997.
“The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice,” which he edited in 2006 with Peter T. Coleman and Eric C. Marcus, became a standard manual for dealing with labor, commercial, international and marital disputes.
John T. Jost, a social psychologist at New York University, wrote in 2006 in the journal Social Justice Research that “in what is probably Deutsch’s most influential book, ‘The Resolution of Conflict’ (1973), he summarized the lessons of his first 25 years of research on, among other things, cooperation and conflict.”
“The point,” Professor Jost wrote, “is that social forms are self-fulfilling, so that coercion, intimidation, deception, distrust and hostility are both causes and effects of competition, whereas assistance, openness, information sharing, perceived similarity, and friendliness are both causes and effects of cooperation.”
Morton Deutsch was born on Feb. 4, 1920, in the Bronx to Charles and Ida Deutsch, Jewish immigrants from what is now Poland. His father was a butter and egg wholesaler.
Photo


Morton DeutschCreditTeachers College Archives

Raised in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan, he read Freud and Marx when he was 10, graduated from Townsend Harris Hall and entered City College when he was 15 planning to become a psychiatrist.
“I became disenchanted with the idea of being a pre-med student after dissecting a pig in a biology lab,” he recalled. “I was happy to switch to a psychology major.”
He received a bachelor of science degree from City College in 1939 and a master’s from the University of Pennsylvania.
“I grew up in a time when, as a Jew, I experienced many instances of prejudice, blatant as well as subtle, and could observe the gross acts of injustice being suffered by blacks,” he recalled in 1999 in an essay in “Reflections on 100 Years of Experimental Social Psychology.”
He did not merely observe. He contributed lunch money to the Spanish Loyalists in the 1930s; organized a protest against the quality of high school cafeteria food and a strike by fellow waiters at a summer resort during college; challenged what he considered racist statements by a professor; and, after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, enlisted in the Army Air Forces and flew 30 missions as a navigator over Nazi-occupied Europe.
“Being in World War II and experiencing the devastation and horror of war, even though I felt the war against the Nazis was justified, I became interested in prevention of war,” Professor Deutsch told Teachers College Today magazine in 2009.
It was at M.I.T., where he earned his doctorate on the G.I. Bill, where he also met his wife, Ms. Shapiro, who survives him and confirmed his death. He is also survived by their sons, Nick and Tony; four grandchildren; and one great-granddaughter.
It was also at M.I.T. where he became a disciple of Kurt Lewin, the German-American psychologist whose favorite dictum was “There’s nothing so practical as a good theory.”
Professor Deutsch’s postgraduate studies in the late 1940s were heavily influenced by the atomic bombings of Japan, followed by the formation of the United Nations. His doctoral dissertation was the basis for his theory of cooperation and competition, which postulated that a group’s success depends on the extent to which its members believe their goals are shared and see a potential to make common cause.
He had in mind the United Nation’s Security Council, he said, when “I had an image of them either cooperating or competing and had different senses of what the consequences would be for the world.”
But the same rules applied for confrontations big and small, and, since he fired Ms. Shapiro, his researcher at M.I.T., Professor Deutsch said there were plenty of occasions to practice what he preached.
“In our 60 years of marriage,” he said, “I have had splendid opportunities to study conflict as a participant observer.”