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Friday, June 12, 2020

H. P. Grice, "The multiplicity of being in Gricese"

Grice: "The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems -- not only in Aristotle, but in Gricese."


CONIUGATVM
personas-stem
(cognate with Roman "sit")
b-stemw-stem
(cognate with Roman, "ero")
MODVS INFINITVUM
the verb "sīn"the verb "bion"the verb "wesan"
MODVS INDICATIVM
PRAESENS
prima singularis: "ik" -- Oxonian "I""em"
Oxonian, "am."
biumwisu
secunda singularis: "thū" -- Oxonian: "thou""art"
Oxonian
"art"
bis(t)wisis
tertia singularis:
"hē"
Oxonian, 'he'
"ist"
(Cognate with Roman "est")
Oxonian 'is'
*bidwis(id)
prima, secunda, tertia, pluralis"sindun"*biodwesad
MODVS
INDCATIVVM
PRAETERITVM
prima singularis

"was"
Oxonian: "was." 
seconda singularis

""wāri"
Oxonian "were"
tertia singularis

"was"
Oxonian "was"
prima, secunda, tertia, pluralis

"wārun"
Oxonian "were"
MODVS
SVBIVCTIVVM
PRAESENS
prima, secunda, tertia, singularis"sīe"
(Lost in Oxonian after Occam)

"wese"
(cognate with "was", and Roman, "erat")
prima, secunda, tertia, pluralis"sīen"
wesen
MODVS
SVBIVNCTIVVM
PRAETERITUM
prima, secunda, tertia, singularis

wāri
prima, secunda, tertia, pluralis
wārin
MODVS
IMPERATIVUM
singularis
"wis," "wes"
(Cognate with "was" and Roman "erat")
pluralis

wesad
MODVS PARTICIPIVM PRAESENT

wesandi
(cognate with Cicero's "essens" and "essentia"
MODVS PARTICIPIVM
PRAETERITVM


"giwesan"

The present-tense forms of 'be' with the w-stem, "wesan" are almost never used. 

Therefore, wesan is used as IMPERATIVE, in the past tense, and in the participium prasesens versions of 

"sīn" -- Grice: "I rue the day when the Bosworth and Toller left Austin!" -- "Now the OED, is not supposed to include Anglo-Saxon forms!") and does not have a separate meaning. 

The b-stem is only met in the present indicative of wesan, and only for the first and second persons in the singular.

So we see that if Roman had the 'est-sit" distinction, the Oxonians had "The 'ist'/"sīe"/"wese" tryad). 

Grice: "To simplify the Oxonian forms and make them correlative to Roman, I shall reduce the Oxonian triad,  'ist'/'sīe'/"wese" to the division actually cognate with Roman:  'ist'/'sīe." 
And so, I shall speak of  the 'ist'/'sīe" distinction, or the 'est-sit' distinction interchangeably." 


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