Grice: "The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems -- not only in Aristotle, but in Gricese."
CONIUGATVM | persona | s-stem (cognate with Roman "sit") | b-stem | w-stem (cognate with Roman, "ero") |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MODVS INFINITVUM | the verb "sīn" | the verb "bion" | the verb "wesan" | |
| MODVS INDICATIVM PRAESENS | ||||
| prima singularis: "ik" -- Oxonian "I" | "em" Oxonian, "am." | bium | wisu | |
| secunda singularis: "thū" -- Oxonian: "thou" | "art" Oxonian "art" | bis(t) | wisis | |
| tertia singularis: "hē" Oxonian, 'he' | "ist" (Cognate with Roman "est") Oxonian 'is' | *bid | wis(id) | |
| prima, secunda, tertia, pluralis | "sindun" | *biod | wesad | |
| MODVS INDCATIVVM PRAETERITVM | ||||
| prima singularis | "was" Oxonian: "was." | |||
| seconda singularis | ""wāri" Oxonian "were" | |||
| tertia singularis | "was" Oxonian "was" | |||
| prima, secunda, tertia, pluralis | "wārun" Oxonian "were" | |||
| MODVS SVBIVCTIVVM PRAESENS | ||||
| prima, secunda, tertia, singularis | "sīe" (Lost in Oxonian after Occam) | "wese" (cognate with "was", and Roman, "erat") | ||
| prima, secunda, tertia, pluralis | "sīen" | wesen | ||
| MODVS SVBIVNCTIVVM PRAETERITUM | ||||
| prima, secunda, tertia, singularis | wāri | |||
| prima, secunda, tertia, pluralis | wārin | |||
| MODVS IMPERATIVUM | ||||
| singularis | "wis," "wes" (Cognate with "was" and Roman "erat") | |||
| pluralis | wesad | |||
| MODVS PARTICIPIVM PRAESENT | wesandi (cognate with Cicero's "essens" and "essentia" | |||
| MODVS PARTICIPIVM PRAETERITVM | "giwesan" | |||
The present-tense forms of 'be' with the w-stem, "wesan" are almost never used.
Therefore, wesan is used as IMPERATIVE, in the past tense, and in the participium prasesens versions of
"sīn" -- Grice: "I rue the day when the Bosworth and Toller left Austin!" -- "Now the OED, is not supposed to include Anglo-Saxon forms!") and does not have a separate meaning.
The b-stem is only met in the present indicative of wesan, and only for the first and second persons in the singular.
So we see that if Roman had the 'est-sit" distinction, the Oxonians had "The 'ist'/"sīe"/"wese" tryad).
Grice: "To simplify the Oxonian forms and make them correlative to Roman, I shall reduce the Oxonian triad, 'ist'/'sīe'/"wese" to the division actually cognate with Roman: 'ist'/'sīe."
And so, I shall speak of the 'ist'/'sīe" distinction, or the 'est-sit' distinction interchangeably."
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