References to Bentzen's brilliant dissertation (failing to quote from Grice, though!)

M. Bentzen,

"DEONTIC LOGICS AND IMPERATIVE LOGICS: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF NORMATIVE LOGICS FROM ERNST MALLY TO DEFEASIBLE DEONTIC LOGIC AND A NEW SYSTEM"

Abstract:

This study deals with logics of obligations, permissions and prohibitions. The first part of the thesis consists of a historical survey of deontic and imperative logics from 1926 to the present.

"I present the main developments of the field, as represented by the
work of Mally, Jørgensen, Ross, Von Wright, Prior, Chisholm, Rescher, Hintikka, Castañeda, Forrester, and others."

But not H. P. Grice. Or R. M. Hare. Lot of Oxonian work in this area. Prior was Oxonian, even!

"The logics considered are logics of commands, temporal deontic logics,
defeasible deontic logics and others."

"A thorough exposition is given of standard deontic logic and
quantified first-order standard deontic logic employing relational (possible world) semantics and analytic tableau.

"Both technical and philosophical issues are taken into account."

"Among these the
deontic paradoxes, for example Ross´ paradox and the gentle murder paradox, problems of formalisation especially regarding conditional obligations, and the problem of choosing a suitable
formal semantics for first-order deontic reasoning."

"In the second part of the thesis the author presents a new system. This consists of two sections. (A) A theory of meaning for imperatives. A theory of meaning diagnoses the basic semantic features of a fragment of language to be analysed and treats them philosophically.

"The basic
intuition underlying the theory of meaning for imperatives presented here is that standard
theories are heavily biased towards employing truth as the only important semantic concept."

------------------ R. B. Jones should take notice! (of the above!)

"Instead the author argues that imperatives are in force or not in force, and that they can be
either fulfilled or violated."

"As a consequence of this imperative force values and fulfilment
values are given to imperatives in the formal semantics of the logic developed in (B).

"Context-free imperatives are singled out, serving as a justification for mandates,
imperative semantic counterparts to propositions.
(B) A logic of mandates. The logic of mandates is a logic of imperatives especially relevant for
situations of decision making where an answer in form of a Do! or a Don´t! is required and an
answer in form of a “you decide” is not appropriate. The logic shows, which mandates are
fulfilled and violated. Conditional imperatives have traditionally caused problems, but these
are also handled well by this logic.

"The logic is given a formal semantic exposition and then
supplied with an analytic tableau proof-procedure. The logic is then applied to the deontic
paradoxes and to everyday normative reasoning including moral dilemmas and conditional
dilemmas."

"Limitations and possibilities for further research are considered."


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-----
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----- CITING GRICE IN FULL!

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