the sea. ^ Herod, ii, 43. Nicolaus Cabeus. Niccolò Cabeo. Keywords: filosofia mannetica, la terra e immobile per la sua qualita magnetica, la marea e prodotto della ebullizione di uno spirito sulfureo e salnitroso nel fondo del mare. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, "Grice e Cabeo," per Il Club Anglo-Italiano, The Swimming-Pool Library, Villa Grice, Liguria, Italia. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51691928304/in/photolist-2mKQDnb-2mKbdmo/
dell’angelo e il contadino. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, "Grice e Cacciari," per Il Club Anglo-Italiano, The Swimming-Pool Library, Villa Grice, Liguria, Italia. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51687742577/in/photolist-2mTcXro-2mSyCEz-2mSrk4f-2mSg7gF-2mQ8kJS-2mN8ym7-2mMQbzj-2mLQdrQ-2mLPa8B-2mLQxu7-2mPpVqK-2mKGXJq-2mKAuZM-2mKtc6t-2mKjS3C-2mKbkhx
rendu à cette noble partie de notre Italie. GETTY RESEARCH iNSTITUTE 3 3125 01096 5651 Giuseppe Cacciatore. Keywords: gl’eroi di Vico – filosofia italica -- Vico, Croce, Labriola, Bruno, dallo storicismo allo storicismo, linceo, centro di studii vichiani, nudita eroica --. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cacciatore” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51779925910/in/dateposted-public/
(1). page209image2165806784 ET (1)Ibid.,p.222-225. costituisc Leonardo Caffo. Keywords: l’altruismo, disobbedienza, “Homo sapiens sapiens”, homo, uomo, umano, humanus, Anthropos, aner, maschio, vir, virilita. Specismo, anti-specismo, sub-specismo, homo sapiens sapiens. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Caffo” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51779829480/in/dateposted-public/
verbum étant spéc. utilisé dans cette même lang. pour traduire le gr. λ ο ́ γ ο ς , v. verbe. Marchese. De Calboli. Paulucci. Paolucci. Francesco Giuseppe Paulucci di Calboli. Francesco Paulucci di Calboli. Keywords: de parabola, parabola, parola, parlare, hyperbola, cyclo, ellipsis. exercitatio philosophica. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Calboli” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51778101802/in/dateposted-public/
Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51690047749/in/photolist-2mMYDFF-2mMRLT9-2mKF1kP/
Lucrezio, renatismo, cartesianismo, impero romano, vita civile, Vico, Caloprese e Vico, Croce e Caloprese, animo, corpo ed animo, renatismo, Ariosto, Orlando innamorato, Orlando furioso, passione, filosofia, Arisosto tra i filosofi, il nuovo Carneade. Refs.: Speranza, “Grice e Caloprese” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51691248001/in/photolist-2mKMa8P-2mKNjCv-2mKN88B/
iniziante, aspirante, gl’aspiranti – eneide, Virgilio, poema epico, la fonte di Virgilio e un poema perduto sulla discesa d’Ercole all’inferno a lottare contro Cerbero – fatica 10 – statuaria – statua di Antino a Eleusi. L’iniziazione come contemplazne, il role dell’iniziato, iniziato e inizianti --. La radice indo-germanica di Eleusi. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Caluso” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51689747974/in/photolist-2mMZQZW-2mKDteh/
e Cammarata” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51778864306/in/dateposted-public
Capit xii. Venatoribus. xiii. Attcupibus. xiv. Pifcatmbus. xv. labricAntibus. xv i. Ambitiofo rvM. antibus. xv xi. Amantibus^ xv iii. Hofientibus. xix. Vriuilegiatts* xx. iiiam Safritn* capvt primvm; Erasmo in Italia, Erasmo da Rotterdam. Campa. Keywords. la stoltizia. Stoltus, stoltizia, stolto, stolto per Christo, pazzia, moria, enkoniom moirae ovvero laus stoltitiae. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Campa” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51779728810/in/dateposted-public/
“Grice e Campa” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51779057858/in/dateposted-public/
, per creare nuove contese e nuove logomachie. Sappiamo tutti che cosa sia un coltello, una mano , un occhio e a queste cose tutti applicano la stessa parola. Andiamo pure quasi sempre d'ac- cordo nel battezzare il piacere, il dolore, l'odio, la collera e molti altri fatti del mondo psichico, che hanno per tutte le coscienze lo stesso significato e che trovano nel dizionario la loro rispettiva veste. Ma ben altro avviene, quando si tratta di feno- meni fugaci e confasi o di momenti impercettibili di un'emozione o di un intreccio di molteplici ele- menti. Allora la parola non è che un'approssima- zione amore platonico è l' amicizia fra un nomo e nna donna. L'amore platonico è amore vero e proprio, ma senza la colpa. L' amore platonico è V amore con tutte le reti- cenze imposte dalla religione, dalla morale o dalla necessità. L'amore platonico è il voglio e non posso. L'amore platonico è l'amore senza il desiderio. L'amore platonico è una fraternità delle anime, senza il possesso dei corpi. L'amore platonico è l' ammirazione senza il de- siderio. L'amore platonico è tutto l'amore, meno il pos- sesso. L'amore platonico è tutto l'amore spogliato del- L'amore platonico è la più sciocca parodia della più bella, della più grande, della più ardente delie umane passioni. L'amore platonico è un leone di gesso, è una tigre di carta pesta, spauracchi da bambini o nin- noli di fanciulli. L'amore platonico è la più alta espressione del- l'amore di farmacista, potremmo forse sperare di avere la quintessenza della definizione, la vera e unica e infallibile definizione dell'amor platonico. Io mi son provato in buona fede a questa ope- razione chimico-farmaceutica e confesso dì averne ottenuto un polifarmaco arabico-bizantino che mi richiamava alla mente i preparati più bizzarri del medio evo. Ho buttato via dunque il mio pa- sticcio, dell'estasi religiosa e dell'affetto materno. Non ammetto amore platonico fra dae vecchi, fra due brutti, fra due creature che non possono desiderarsi. Si dice da tutti, ma falsamente, che le anime non invecchiano, ma invece le anime in- vecchiano come i corpi, e le anime che si uniscono nel santo vincolo dell'amore platonico, hanno ad essere giovani e bèlle. Questo sentimento sublime non è possibile che a rare creature elette, che sanno compiere il mi- racolo di spogliare le anime da ogni veste cor- porea, che sanno spogliare la passione da ogni desiderio della carne, e contemplandosi si ammi- rano e si amano. Anche le anime come i corpi hanno un sesso, e nell'amor platonico stanno faccia a faccia e guardandosi eternamente si rimandano senza toc- carsi, torrenti di luce e di calore. Due astri che girano nella stessa orbita, che non si toccanmai; che sorgono insieme con una stessa alba, che collo stesso tramonto svaniscono e sfumano nella grande voragine dell'infinito. • 4 ■ !■ -. il -sognano questo sogno, che si possa fermarsi a metà strada sulla china di certi pendii; ohe li' AMOS PLATONICO 215 credono o sperano che Torlo di certi precipizi possa essere pietoso. Non un bacio, non una carezza, non fosse che qaella delle ali. Anche le ali sono materia e ma- teria viva e calda. Quando due labbra si son toc- cate, ahimè, l'amor platonico è ferito e per lo più a morte. Le anime sole possono amarsi platonica- mente e la materia è sempre dotata di gravità; fosse pnre piuma d'ala, vello di cotone o massa di piombo. Il precipitare di essa sarà lento o ve- loce secondo la diversa densità della materia: i venti pietosi delle reticenze, delle difese, delle foghe faranno volare per l'aria Iqngamente il filo di seta e il fiocco di cotone, ma fatalmente, ma inesorabilmente avranno a cadere. O tutto o nulla è in amore un assioma di quasi matematica pre- cisione, e le donne, sempre più sapienti di noi in questa materia, lo sanno e lo ripetono sempre al- l'orecchio degli impazienti. Esse sono le vestali del- l'amore platonico, le custodi del pudore, e quando esse vengon meno per le prime ai giuramenti del- l'amore platonico, non v' ha quasi uomo su questa terra, che le aiuti a salire. La caduta è fatale, è irresistibile ! Al contrario di quanto si crede volgarmente, non sono i piccoli aniQri, ma i f^frandi che soli sono capaci di salire alle altezze delPestasi pla- tonica, di subire quella sublime transustanziazione, che arresta il desiderio alla soglia del tempio, che trasforma la più ardente delle passioni in una luce di luna, che illumina, ma non riscalda. I piccoli amori son pruriti animaleschi, che si soddisfano grattandoci o applicandovi dei panno- lini bagnati nelP acqua fredda. Essi non possono salire le alte cime, perchè son deboli, molto meno poi possono attraversare lo spazio, perchè sono senz'ali. Molte false virtù non sono che piccoli amori domati coi fomenti freddi e quando li vedo innalzati ai supremi onori del sagrificio e del- l'eroismo mi vien voglia di ridere. I grandi amori invece non si domano che colla morte o con un miracolo. Questo miracolo è Vamoi e platonico. II credente, pieno di fede, di speranza e soprat- tutto ardore hanno risposto altri due occhi, lam- peggianti e ardenti come i suoi. Egli ama e sarà amato; ancora una preghiera e san\ consacrato li\ in fondo al santuario del Sancta sanctorum, dove il fumo degli incensi gli nasconde la voluttuosa visione, dove un coro di angeli gli cela i sospiri, di chi come lui aspetta e desidera. Un istante ancora, ancora una preghiera, e tu avrai il premio del lungo pellegrinaggio, dei lunghi dolori patiti. Sei nato e hai vissuto venti, trent' anni per co- gliere quel fiore, che anch'esso non sbocciò che dopo altri venti o trent' anni vissuti da un' altra creatura che nacque e visse per te. Oh perchè quelli istanti non diventan secoli e quei secoli 218 CAPITOLO Vili non ardono in un istante sulUara del desiderio e dell' amore ? Una voce vi ha chiamato, vi chiama. Voi siete esauditi; voi siete ammessi nel tempio. La crea- tura sognata per tanti anni, intraveduta fra le nuvole della fantasia e le iridi del desiderio , è là, vivente, calda, giovane, davanti a voi e vi sorride. Anch' essa aveva sognato, desiderato, aspettato: se 1' asceta ha bisogno di un Dio, an- che della materia, e anche ì cataclismi della terra e del cielo, anche i cicloni che scon- volgon la terra e rovesciano le città sono trasfor- mazioni di forze, sono equazioni matematiche nelle quali il prima e il poi si dimostrano come quan- tità eguali. Così avviene anche negli uragani del cuore. Due amori dovevano confondersi insieme per riaccen- dere la fiaccola della vita, due baci dovevano sa- lire al cielo confusi in una sola benedizione della vita trionfatrìce. E invece, passata la procella, 220 CAPITOLO vin rasserenato il cielo, noi vediamo il pellegrino ve- nuto da lontano al t-empio d'amore ancora sulla soglia, ancora prosternato e in atto di rassegnata e serena adorazione. E^ nel tempio, là in fondo, fra le nuvole degli incensi e il coro degli angeli, immoto il Dio, che guarda il pellegrino con tene- rezza serena; e là rimarranno entrambi Dio e crea- tura, idolo e sacerdote fino all' ultimo respiro. L'amore che feconda è divenuto l'amore che am- mira; l'amore che ama è divenuto l'amore che adora; il sole che tutto colorisce e riscalda si è trasformato nella luna, che fa fantasticare e so- spirare. Se avete letto la mia Filologia del dolore, do- vete di sangue umano, è ritornato all'aratro; e le spighe fioriscono, dove corsero i gemiti dei mori- bondi e gli urli dei feroci. Una croce di legno piantata sull'orlo del campo vi ricorda però la storia del dolore e spande all'intorno un'aria ma- linconica. Non invano io ho invocato il tempio ad espri- mere e contenere i misteri dell'amore platonico, perchè questo ha forme mistiche e le sue estasi presentano molti caratteri del rapimento religioso. Soffocato e spento il desiderio, inutile la lotta, che cosa rimane fuorché l'adorazione? E questa adorazione che prima è consagrata all' idolo, si affina sempre più, man mano andiamo perdendo la memoria delle battaglie combattute e la figura che adoriamo perde ogni giorno più la propria personalit\ per prendere forma di mito o di sim- bolo. possedere un tesoro che contemplano, che adorano, ma che non spendono. Quella donna che voi adorate, è d' altri o di nessuno in apparenza, ma nessuno l'ama come voi, per nessuno è bella quanto lo è per vói. I vostri sguardi, le vostre aspirazioni, i vostri pensieri sempre rivolti a lei la circondano d' la spoglia, Venere Urania quando la fan- tasia la ravvolge nei densi veli della nostra ge- losia e del nostro rispetto. Nuda o vestita è sem- pre una Dea per noi, e noi ne siamo i sacerdoti. Anche le sante vedono Dio nudo nelle loro vi- sioni, né quella nudità è meno casta o meno pudica. L'amore platonico è tutto un pudore, perchè il pudore è la riverenza dell'amore, è la santifica- zione del desiderio. 4c Oh quante volte nei sileuzii della notte le te- nebre 228 CAPITOLO vni nuto opale e le membra trasformate in ali. E vìa per Paria e gli spazi infiniti del vuoto, un aleggiar robusto e un ondeggiar di chiome, or dorate dai raggi del sole, or argentine al chiaror della luna, or buie come le tenebre degli abissi. E un fiam- meggiar degli astri, che anch'essi nell'eterna pace dei secoli, fremono alla vista di quella divina bel- lezza e scintillano più caldi e più splendidi, salu- tando colle ebbrezze della luce una creatura deUa terra. E noi dietro a quella visione, convertiti da crea- ture — - -«— • ESTASI DELL' AMOR PLATONICO 229 Io, non distinguere più qua! differenza passi tra noi e lei, fra l'amare e Tessere, fra l'uno e il due; non ricordarsi della terra, del nascere e del mo- rire, della gioia e del dolore; non pensare altro pensiero che il pensiero di lei, perdere tutta la coscienza e tutta la memoria, per sommergerle nel grande oceano di una sensazione sola, l'estasi; spogliarsi di tutte le passioni, dimenticarle tutte, per non ardere che d'una sola passione, l'amore. L'uomo e la donna disgiunti sulla terra, ricon- giunti nel cielo e per sempre con un bacio che non ha domani, con un amplesso che trasforma le anime nella carezza di quattro ali. * Le estasi dell'amore platonico non sono tutte di adorazione, ma possono presentarci le forme della devozione, del sagrifizio spinto fino al mar- tirio. Allora noi abbiamo i rapimenti già descritti nell'amore materno, nell'amor figliale e negli altri affetti minori. Inutile ripetizione sarebbe quella di ritrarre i lineamenti di questi quadri sublimi, che tanto si rassomigliano. 230 CAPITOLO vili L'ionico carattere che distingue tutte queste forme svariate è quello di essere accompagnato dall'ardore deUa più calda delle passioni, di esser tutto imbevuto di quell'amore che fu chiamato con questo nome senza aggiunta di alcun agget- tivo, accompagna l'amicizia, questa è però modi- ficata profondamente da quella tenerezza irresisti- bile che l'uomo ha per la donna, di quel bisogno di protezione che la donna sente dinanzi all'uomo. Ecco perchè preferirei separare dal gruppo delle Estasi umane. 9 130 CAPITOLO V amicizie vere quella che Tuomo e la donna pos- sono intrecciare tra di loro, ravvicinando queste alla famiglia degli amori platonici. V amicizia è un sentimento di lusso e noi lo vediamo mancare affatto o presentarci forme atro- fiche negli uomini di bassa gerarchia psichica. Le sue energie sono deboli, talché cedono subito il campo ad altri sentimenti più imperiosi e che hanno una grande missione nel ciclo della vita. È anche per questo che le donne ci presentano più raramente esempio di calde e tenere amicizie. In esse l' amore e la maternità occupano tanta parte del cuore da non lasciare il posto per altri sentimenti minori, e d'altronde la galanteria virile fa delle donne altrettanti rivali e semina la ge- losia sporta dai bassi fondi delle necessità organiche nel cielo dell' idealità. Neil' amore, nell' affetto di patria, nella maternità, in tutti i potenti affbtti che stringono l'uomo coi vincoli della famiglia, vi 132 CAPITOLO V è un vigore irresistibile , vi è una forza trascen- dente, ma nello stesso tempo noi ci sentiamo ra- piti dal fato, dalla necessità:. Siamo ben felici di questa cara necessità, Ina V Io, sempre superbo, sente qualcosa più forte di lui e riverente s' in- china e ubbidisce alle leggi della natura. Nell'amicizia invece nulla di tutto questo: nes- sun fato, nessuna necessità, nessuna tirannia d'uo- mini, di cose o di tempi. Due anime umane si incontrano nel viavai della folla, si contemplano e s'intendono. Un riso sorriso in due, una lagrima pianta in due, un grido d' entusiasmo escito pro- rompente, irresistibile in uno stesso momento da due petti umani , avvicina i cuori e stringe le destre. Son due note musicali, che partito da due. strumenti lontani si sono incontrate per V aria solo, e colla fiisione intima di due esistenze, creano una terza vita. L'amicizia è una parentela d'elezione, è un amore delle anime, è un sentire il proprio pensiero som- mato a un altro; i proprii sentimenti, le proprie simpatie, le proprie aspirazioni ripercossi sempre dall'eco affettuosa di un'altra simpatia, di un'altra natura umana, che risponde alla nostra. Dolcezze ineffabili, voluttìi di altissima sfera, che fanno l'uomo superbo d'esser uomo. Questo consenso non cercato ma trovato, questo combaciarsi intero e completo di due anime, questo libero matrimonio di due nature umane può ba- stare , di con- forto, ed io sarò quei fortunato che potrò soccor- rere e confortare. Il cuore batte forte forte in petto , le mani tremano per 1' emozione e un sor- riso involontario e angelico corre sul nostro volto. 138 CAPITOLO V Tutti gli artificii più astati sono da noi adoperati per far sembrar facile ciò che è difficile, naturale ciò che forse è per noi un doloroso sagrìflzio. Nes- suna astuzia è più raffinata, nessuna ipocrisia più opaca, nessuna fantasia più immaginosa di quella che adopera l'amico per occultare il benefizio, per giungere in tempo; per abbellire la carità collo splendore della sorpresa. Il dono dell'amico è un fiore bello e profumato che ci presenta la mano di un bambino, innocente e giulivo come la bontà sempre aperta dell'uomo generoso, rìdente come tutte le primavere della vita e della natura. E chi riceve ed è costretto a non vergognarsi di ricevere e chi indovina tutte le sante astruserie e i fini accorgimenti che accompagnano V opera del conforto e chi misura tutta 1' altezza dell' a-della gloria dei grandi o del riflesso d' ami- cizia che le turbe innalzate dal genio rimandano al sole del pensiero? — Beata ignoranza codesta, di non poter distinguere due bellezze che si fon- dono in una bellezza sola ; due gioie che si unifi- cano ìa una voluttà sola; due grandezze che si sperdono e si consumano in una sola immensità. Non malediciamo la vita, se questa ci lascia lo spazio e il tempo per essere uno di questi amici o per assistere ad una di queste scene del mondo morale. Quante bassezze, quante viltà, quanto fango si devono trovare nei sentieri pedestri della vita por dimenticare uno di quei quadri, quante tene- bre resa ancor più calda dalla comunanza del sangue e può giungere a tanta forza e a tanta idealità da avvicinarsi assai all' amore platonico. Son due creature che non possono amarsi d'amore, perchè troppo rassomiglianti , perchè esciti dalle stesse viscere , perchè hanno ricevuto il primo bacio dalle stesse labbra, perchè hanno succhiato dallo stesso seno quel secondo sangue che è un secondo vincolo di parentela. E poi son cresciuti insieme, hanno respirato i)er tanti anni l'aria dello stesso nido, hanno dormito tra le pareti della 142 CAPITOLO V Stessa casa, hanno pregato sotto la vòlta della stessa chiesa, hanno pianto le tante volte insieme ; hanno diviso i terrori infantili, si sono inebbriati insieme nelle feste dell' infanzia e insieme hanno subito le procelle dell'adolescenza e della prima giovinezza. Come e perchè non si amerebbero quelle due creature, che vedono a vicenda rispec- chiata i nostri lineamenti, rifatti gli stessi gesti, riprodotti gli stessi gusti, le stesse antipatie; sor- ridiamo di compiacenza, esclamando: s'io fossi una donna, sarei lei! E la nostra sorella non solo ci rassomiglia nel PBATBLLO E SORELLA 143 volto, nei gesti, ma desidera le stesse cose, sor- ride degli stessi scherzi, ha come noi qnelle stesse debolezze, delle quali dobbiamo spesso arrossire. E si ride insieme, e si arrossisce insieme, dicen- doci nell'orecchio : Anche tuf — 8Ì anch^io ! E la nostra sorellina (che sorellina è sempre ogni sorella, quando è molto amata), e la nostra sorel- lina o impertinente prima di averci fasciata la ferita. Possiamo essere più vecchi di lei; essa ci tratterà sempre come bambini, sarà capace per- fino di prenderci fra le sue braccia e di farci la ninna nanna. E la sorella si getta fra le braccia del fratello. come non può fare colle braccia di nessun altro uomo. Del marito ha suggezione, del padre ha rispetto; davanti al figlio vuol essere infallibile. Il fratello invece non è né marito, né padre, né figlio, ma un po' di tutto questo. Egli è un uomo e la sorella può appoggiarsi a lui come alla forza che protegge e difende; egli é un uomo, ma non sarà mai un giudice severo, perchè anch' egli prima di gridare al peccatore, vorrà guarire il peccato e risanare la ferita. La sorella è sicura che il fratello di lei avrebbe peccato come lei, s'egli si fosse trovato nelle stesse circostanze ed essa è sicura di trovare una grande indulgenza, una mi- sericordia grande come quella del Cristo. * * * Ma non occorre peccare per rifugiarsi fra le braccia fraterne del figlio della nostra mamma. Il fratello ha piti ingegno di noi, più di noi ha studiato e vissuto. Egli ci darà la luce per cam- minare nelle tenebre della vita, egli ci darà un braccio poderoso per appoggiarsi, egli sarà la no- stra bussola nel gran mare delle umane dubbiezze. ^' E che faresti tu In questo caso f Come esciresii tu AMOS FRATERNO da questo labirinto f Dimmi se io ho fatto benet Dimmi 86 vi è ancora un rimedio a tanto male f „ E le domande si succedono le une alle altre, senza attender risposta e le risposte diventan altrettante domande; ed è un affollarsi confuso e prorompente di parole, di sorrisi, di lagrime : e sono abbracci che interrompono domande e risposte e sono baci che valgono più d'un volume di ragionamenti e son singhiozzi che taciono alla soavità d' una ca- rezza e son carezze che vogliono esser rimproveri e rimangono invece carezze dolcissime e sono due anime di uomo e di donna, che possono vedersi nudi l'un l'altro senza arrossire, perchè non hanno sesso e sono come Adamo ed Eva prima che avessero bisogno di coprirsi delle foglie dell' al- bero mistico dell'Eden. * * * In questi casi e in altri consimili la commozione può giungere fino al rapimento, e l'estasi si af- ferma già veduto) confina coir iimore platonico e coli' amicizia, e tanto è vero che spesso udiamo escire dalle labbra commosse di due amici, che non pensan punto a far della psicologia, questi gridi dell'anima: Io il amo più che un fratello — Tu mi sei più fraUllo che amico — La nostra amicizia è una vera fratellanza delle anime — Noi non siamo amici ma frnt4ilU ! E d' altra parte non di raro due fratelli escla- mano alla lor volta : Ma il nostro affetto è una santa amicizia — Ma anche senza i lincoli del sangue noi saremmo due amici. ESTASI dell'amicizia 147 * * * Se mi fosse permesso tentare di distinguere il caratt-^ rebbe dar fondo all'universo psicologico e nessuna forza d'uomo vi basterebbe. Io mi accontenter(> 148 CAPITOLO V (li accennare ad alcuni rapimenti dell'affetto fra- temo: altrettanti quadri presi dal vero e che po- trebbero ispirare il poeta, il pittore, lo scultore. * * Due fratelli vivono in paesi lontani Uun dal- l'altro e vengono a conoscere per via indiretta, che il babbo si trova in grave imbarazzo di afifari commerciali. Accorrono non chiamati, si incon- trano sulla soglia della casa paterna. Si sorpren- dono, si interrogano. Son venuti per la stessa ragione chiamati dalla stessa voce interiore. Hanno pensato la stessa cosa, lo stesso piano, gli stessi progetti per salvare l'onore del padre. Lo possono fare e lo faranno. Esaltati, commossi, si gettan nelle braccia l'un dell'altro e godono un soavissimo rapimento del- l'anima. Due fratelli che lavorano insieme, hanno pen- sato uno stesso libro, senza scambiarsi una sola parola. Venuti a comunicarsi a vicenda i loro BAPrMENTI dell'amor FRATERNO 149 progetti, si trova che essi si incontrano e si com- baciano. Lo stupore diventa ammirazione, Tammi- razione contentezza, beatitudine. Essi si abbrac- ciano, lagrime, singhiozzi, sorrisi e godono una deUe estasii fraterne più complesse e più alte che possa godere anima umana. 150 CAPITOLO V 4> * * Una donna è tradita, tradita nel santuario della famiglia, precipitando nella disperazione dall'alto d'ana felicità senza nubi. Tutto si oscura, V aria divien gelo, la terra spine, il cielo un'uragano. Essa ha un fratello, le scrive una parola sola: Vieni e mi salva ! Ma il fratello ha saputo la sventura piombata sul capo della sorella, prima ancora che la let- tera uomo, vita. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Campailla” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51718141204/in/photolist-2mSZ1dP-2mQjJr5-2mQfWLw-2mN9ZxJ-2mLP3hz/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51690446907/in/photolist-2mTm2Vr-2mSN9XK-2mS3srj-2mPF8UJ-2mPBcCB-2mPsU62-2mN5uFu-2mKBUNK-2mKNM4g-2mKHdnD-2mKM4Dx-2mPYoE5-2mKxDSr-2mKHkna-2mKH3ZR-2mKwo7R-2mKC3nj-2mKw3hq-2mKyDgW-2mKiLqb-2mJPC2N-2mJ3q6x
Cantoni (Gropello Cairoli). Filosofo. “Kant”. Filosofia fascista.
tu – Hegel. Du, Thou, I and Thou, Buber, The ‘we’, -- the dual ‘us’ – both, entrambi noi. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Capitini” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51718135029/in/photolist-2mRCLwu-2mQtVUe-2mQwYd8-2mN9XHg-2mMT6JV-2mLP3hz-2mJPC2N-hcb6qP/
svolgimenti, le applicazioni, e da cui germogliano in ogni direzione soluzioni, buone o cattive, a tutti i problemi teoretici e pratici.
use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 160 A. Capizzi quelle metafore nei versi del pi? illustre figlio di Velia, n? di rico noscerle come tali anche se in quei versi essa compare disgiunta dalla nota narrazione cui fa evidente riferimento. . Antonio Capizzi. Keywords: Velia, la scuola di Velia. Zenone, sono/fui, il latino no necesita il verbo divenire, perche usa la radice de fui-. +l’adolescenziale, conversazione, calogero, veliatichi, veliadi meleagridi, pandionidi veliatico, eliadico, meleagride, pandionide, fieri, in esse, in fieri. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Capizzi” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51714170366/in/photolist-2mPTYES-2mMNDa1/
associative, associative, etc. A sign is not essentially connected with the purpose of communication (smoke means fire, spots mean measles, a tear means love). Grice is into ‘communication,’ not sign as such – a theory of communication, not a semeiotic. Capocasale does not expand on the intricacies of the cocodrile’s tears (fake tears – or Grice’s frown), because he is not interested, but it woud just take a footnote to his comment on ‘lacrima’ being a ‘signum’ traestitiae. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Capocasale” – The Swimming-Pool Library
circonfuso da aureola. Insomma, dalla pur brevissima disamina effettuata, ci si rende conto di quanto la cultura occidentale e quella orientale, dopo tutto, non siano poi così distanti. In questo senso, le testimonianze figurative nate dalle rispettive pratiche cultuali e religiose ne costituiscono un memorandum preziosissimo. Capocci. Keywords: peccatum – sin – holiness – aureola segno naturale della santita. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Capocci” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51690793992/in/photolist-2mKJQb5-2mKTt9f
contro Bobbio. La critica di Bobbio a Capograssi, essere/devere – Capograssi/Hart – Capograssi e il fascismo – la nazione d'Italia previa all’unificazione -- in concetto di stato come medimen, medimen medimen medimen previous drafts -- il concetto di stato com medimen --– kelsen, positivismo giuridico – l’esperienza giuridica, azione giuridica, due tipi d’obbedenza: formale (vacua) e materiale (intenzione inclusa), intenzione, agire, vita etica, intersoggetivita, intersoggetivo, soggeto, individuo, interpersonalismo, l’interpersonalismo di Capograssi – Aligheri, Leopardi, Zibaldone, Rosmini. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Capograssi” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51778199755/in/dateposted-public/
Cappelletti” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51776877903/in/dateposted-public/
Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Capra” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51777491890/in/dateposted-public/
2mKM4Dx-2mKGd6B-2mKPDck-2mPpskp-2mKbkhx-2mJq2uE-C5ierD-BxCpRq-BxCnkJ-ACvZaD-nTocck-o7QZ82-mujisr
scandalo del significato, io/tu, Husserl, intersoggetivita, intersoggetivo, interpersonal, interattivo – interazione, azione sociale – orientazione all’altro, razionalita strategica, razionalita comunicativa, complessita intensionale, il significato, i significati, l’nsieme, la comunita, il noi. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Carabellese” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51777371015/in/dateposted-public/
They follow.\ Alberto Caracciolo. Keywords: il colloquio, in cammino verso il linguaggio. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Caracciolo” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51629253328/in/photolist-2mSEtHs-2mS81kq-2mS22wB-2mRjtgo-2mRfi2Y-2mPTwCM-2mPC6Zb-2mNzeEc-2mMQbzj-2mKF4aM-2mKGd6B-2mKCdPg-2mEiqh9-2dxgYk4
coeleftis amoris. . M2Santino Caramella. Keywords: il culto dell’eroe, gl’eroi, il culto degl’eroi, Niso ed Eurialo, Nicodemo, gl’eroi di Vico, “la verita in dialogo”, soggetto, intersoggetivita, lo spirito oggetivo, spiriti intersoggetivi, Apollo su Nicodemo. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Caramella” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51777096859/in/dateposted-public/
434, 3 et dicit. Hos omnes codices ex uno eodemque fonte fluxisse inde apparet, quod eaedem in omnibus lacunae, eaedem interpolationes, eadem vitiorum genera deprehenduntur, et de lacunis quidem conferas: p. 70, 15. 161, 18. 208, 22. 288, 7. 382, 8. 432, 9, praeterea p. 126, 8. 267, 12. 290, 18. 312, 14. 341, 3. 447, 9. 482, 14. 489, 7, de interpolationibus autem p. 227, 10. 231, 24. 333, 23. 416, 23. 419, 13. 431, 12. 434, 14. 439, 9. 477, 12. 488, 8 — 13. iisdem vero cunctos vitiis foeda¬ tos esse ut demonstrem, satis erit unum aut alterum ex plurimis passim obviis proferre exemplum, nam et p. 361, ubi Peripatetica interrogationis divisio proditur, cum in codicibus nostris v. 8 sqq. legatur: 'non dia¬ lecticae autem interrogationis duae sunt species, sicut audivimus docet5, manifestum est pro vocabulo cor¬ rupto 'audivimus5 Eu de mus restituendum fuisse et p. 324, 23 quin recte scripserim: 'ad tenacioris memo¬ riae subsidium5, cum codices in perversa scriptione t elatior is consentiant, quis est qui dubitet? confer praeterea p. 237, 25 —, nisi quod in hoc librarius interdum pravo varietatis studio et verba transposuisse et pro solitis rariora vocabula inculcasse videtur, nam cum hic codex p. 395, 20 pro voce So¬ cratem mire elimannum posuerit, quod aperte fal¬ sum est, iure in dubium vocari potest, num recte aliis locis hunc codicem solum contra ceterorum consensum secutus sim. quare hos locos notare velim et quid F habeat, quid ceteri adscribam: F ceteri vaiccg eiusque a nostro Aristotelis textu discrepantia in Fleckeiseni annal. vol. CXVII p. 247 — 253 (a. 1878) disputavi. Monachii mense Martio a. MDCCCLXXX. Car. Meiser. ANICII MANLII SEVEEINI BOETII IH LIBRVM ARISTOTELIS nEPI EPMHNEIAS COMMENTARII. SECVNDA EDITIO. Boetii comment. II. 1 t NOTARUM INDEX. S = codex (Salisb. n. 10) Vindobonensis n. 80. ( E — praemissa translatio). F = codex (Frisingensis n. 166) Monacensis n. 6366. T = codex (Tegernseensis n. 479) Monacensis n. 18479. (X = praemissa translatio). E = codex (Ratisb. S. Emm. n. 582) Monacensis n. 14582. N = codex Einsidlensis n. 301. J = codex Einsidlensis n. 295. G = codex Sangallensis n. 830. B = codex Bernensis n. 332. b = editio Basileensis a. 1570. ANICII MANLII SEVERINI BOETII COMMENTARIORVM IN LIBRVM ARISTOTELIS IIEPI EPMHNEIA2 SECVNDAE EDITIONIS LIBER PRIMYS. Alexander in commentariis suis hac se inpul-SITIONV IN ARISTOTELIS PERIHERMENIAS • INCIPIT LIBER primvs. E titulum om. NB 1 Alexander — longissimum om. N 2 longissimg T 4 dissidet F 6 etiam om. F 1* ed.Bas 5 \ 4 SECVNDA EDITIO postremosque analyticos non vertendo Aristotelem Latino sermoni tradidit , sed transferendo Themi-e T 16 omnis om. F 17 intentio de voce SG-J et in marg. T definitio vocis E diff vocis F2 19 guturis F 29 ali¬ cuius — possit, ut est hlityri (haec enim vox per se cum nihil signi¬ ficet, posita tamen ut alicui nomen sit significabit), sive per se quidem nihil significet, cum aliis vero iuncta designet, ut sunt coniunctiones : haec omnia locutiones vocantur, ut sit propria locutionis forma vox conposita quae litteris describatur, ut igitur sit locutio, voce opus est id est eo sono quem percutit lingua, ut et vox ipsa sit per linguam determinata in eum sonum qui inscribi litteris possit, sed ut haec locutio significativa sit, illud quoque addi oportet, ut sit aliqua significandi imaginatio, per quam id quod in voce vel in locutione est proferatur: ut certe ita dicendum sit: si in hoc flatu, quem per arterias emit¬ timus, sit linguae sola percussio, vox est; sin vero talis percussio sit, ut in litteras redigat sonum, locu¬ tio; quod si vis quoque quaedam imaginationis adda- 1 quoniam dei. S2 om. F 2 percutitur atque formatur g2p2g2g. percuti atq. formari SFEN, percuti atq. formari possit T (possit supra lin. GJ) ut cu eu B 3 sit] est STGNJ ( corr . S2) 5 fit] sit S2FE2 lexis codices 25 ret. quare quoniam non de oratione sola, sed etiam de verbo et nomine, nec vero de sola locutione, sed etiam de significativa locutione, quae est interpretatio, hoc libro ab Aristotele tractatur, idcirco quoniam in 16 Ar. Poet. c. 20. 1 significatiua b: significatio SG-TE, significatione FS1 2E2? redditur uox T 4 interpretatio om. SNF, in marg. addunt GE quae namq; S2F 10 iunctae F: iuncta ceteri 14 illud quoq; E 16 arte poetica S2FE 23 post orationem addit partem esse tradidit S2F cum om. T 28 in hoc S2F ab om. T I. 7 verbis atque nominibus et in significativis locutionibus nomen interpretationis aptatur 15 iectas intellectui res demonstrat, significantium vocum Aristoteles numerum in decem praedicamenta partitus est. atque hoc distat libri huius intentio a praedica¬ mentorum in | denariam multitudinem numerositate p. 291 collecta, ut hic quidem tantum de numero signifi- 20 cantium vocum quaeratur, quantum ad ipsas attinet voces, quibus significativis vocibus intellectus animi designentur, quae sunt scilicet simplicia quidem no¬ mina et verba, ex his vero conpositae orationes: praedicamentorum vero haec intentio est: de significa- 25 tivis rerum vocibus in tantum, quantum eas medius animi significet intellectus, vocis enim quaedam qua¬ litas est nomen et verbum, quae nimirum ipsa illa decem praedicamenta significant, decem namque prae¬ dicamenta numquam sine aliqua verbi qualitate vel 30 nominis proferentur, quare erit libri huius intentio de significativis vocibus in tantum, quantum con- 1 in om. E 3 in hoc S2F 9 dispositio S corr. S2 10 partes primae T 11 intellectus F corr. F1 12 totius F 18 in hoc T 20 in tantum? 26 uocibus tractare F, uoc. dicere TE, tractare inmarg. S 31proferuntur S2F 32 signatiuis S corr. S2 8 SECVNDA EDITIO ceptiones animi intellectus que significent, de decem praedicamentis autem libri intentio in eius commen¬ tario dicta est, quoniam sit de significativis rerum vocibus, quot partibus distribui possit earum signifi- 5 catio in tantum, quantum per sensuum atque intel¬ lectuum medietatem res subiectas intellectibus voces ipsae valeant designare, in opere vero de poetica non eodem modo dividit locutionem, sed omnes om¬ nino locutionis partes adposuit confirmans esse locu-m Pla¬ tone. nullo enim addito orationis intellectus pendet ac titubat et auditor aliquid ultra exspectat audire, perfectarum vero orationum partes quinque sunt: de-ativa speculantur, Aristoteles vero hoc libro nihil nisi de sola simplici enuntiativa oratione considerat. Aspasius quoque et 5 Alexander sicut in aliis Aristotelis libris in hoc quoque commentarios ediderunt, sed uterque Aristote¬ lem de oratione tractasse pronuntiat, nam si oratione aliquid proferre (ut aiunt ipsi) interpretari est, de interpretatione liber nimirum veluti de oratione per- 10 scriptus est, quasi vero sola oratio ac non verba quoque et nomina interpretationis vocabulo conclu¬ dantur. aeque namque et oratio et verba ac nomina, quae sunt interpretationis elementa, nomine interpre- 292 tationis | vocantur, sed Alexander addidit inperfecte 15 sese habere libri titulum: neque enim designare, de qua oratione perscripserit, multae namque (ut dictum est) sunt orationes; sed adiciendum vel subintellegen¬ dum putat de oratione illum scribere philosophica vel dialectica id est, qua verum falsumque valeat expediri. 20 sed qui semel solam orationem interpretationis no¬ mine vocari recipit, in intellectu quoque ipsius inscri¬ ptionis erravit, cur enim putaret inperfectum esse titulum, quoniam nihil de qua oratione disputaret ad- iecerit? ut si quis interrogans quid est homo? alio 25 respondente animal culpet ac dicat inperfecte illum dixisse, quid sit, quoniam non sit omnes differentias persecutus, quod si huic, id est homini, sunt quae¬ dam alia communia ad nomen animalis, nihil tamen inpedit perfecte demonstrasse, quid homo esset, eum 30 qui animal dixit: sive enim differentias addat quis sive non, hominem animal esse necesse est. eodem quoque modo et de oratione, si quis hoc concedat primum, nihil aliud interpretationem dici nisi orationem, 5 alios — fectiones, dicit Andronicus ex boc probari hunc li¬ brum Aristotelis non esse, quod de huiusmodi ad- fectionibus nihil in libris de anima tractavisset, non intellegens in hoc libro Aristotelem passiones animae non pro adfectibus, sed pro intellectibus posuisse, his Alexander multa alia addit argumenta, cur hoc opus Aristotelis maxime esse videatur, ea namque dicuntur hic, quae sententiis Aristotelis quae sunt de enuntia- 5. 6 continentur F 6 cum om. F1 haec S, corr. S2 10. 11 potius sign. nom. S2F 22 et animae T 23 in supra lin. T 24 vocabat b 30 prius pro om. S1 Hic E1 5 10 15 20 25 30 12 SECVNDA EDITIO tione consentiant; illud quoque, quod stilus ipse pro¬ pter brevitatem pressior ab Aristotelis obscuritate non discrepat; et quod Theophrastus, ut in aliis solet, cum de similibus rebus tractat, quae scilicet ab Ari- 5 stotele ante tractata sunt, in libro quoque de adfir- matione et negatione, isdem aliquibus verbis utitur, quibus hoc libro Aristoteles usus est. idem quoque Theophrastus dat signum hunc esse Aristotelis li¬ brum: in omnibus enim, de quibus ipse disputat post 10 magistrum, leviter ea tangit quae ab Aristotele dicta ante cognovit, alias vero diligentius res non ab Ari¬ stotele tractatas exsequitur, hic quoque idem fecit, nam quae Aristoteles hoc libro de enuntiatione tra¬ ctavit, leviter ab illo transcursa sunt, quae vero ma- 15 gister eius tacuit, ipse subtiliore modo considerationis adiecit. addit quoque hanc causam, quoniam Aristo¬ teles quidem de syllogismis scribere animatus num- quam id recte facere potuisset, nisi quaedam de pro¬ positionibus adnotaret. mihi quoque videtur hoc 20 subtiliter perpendentibus liquere hunc librum ad ana- lyticos esse praeparatum, nam sicut hic de simplici propositione disputat, ita quoque in analyticis de sim¬ plicibus tantum considerat syllogismis, ut ipsa syllo¬ gismorum propositionumque simplicitas non ad aliud 25 nisi ad continens opus Aristotelis pertinere videatur, quare non est audiendus Andronicus, qui propter passionum nomen hunc librum ab Aristotelis operibus separat. Aristoteles autem idcirco passiones animae | 293 intellectus vocabat, quod intellectus, quos sermone di- 30 cere et oratione proferre consuevimus, ex aliqua causa atque utilitate profecti sunt: ut enim dispersi homines colligerentur et legibus vellent esse subiecti civitates¬ que condere, utilitas quaedam fuit et causa, quocirca 3 et b: uel codices 15 subtilior S1 16 addidit E 17 pro scribere: est T 19 hoc uidetur F 22 in om. F1 29 uocauit E I c, 1. 13 quae ex aliqua utilitate veniunt, ex passione quoque provenire necesse est. nam ut divina sine ulla sunt passione, ita nulla illis extrinsecus utilitas valet ad- cum om. S1 20.21 consideratior SF*T 21 quorum ego: quarum codices 22 curae ego: cura codices 23 ipsius om. F 25 quid Ar. xL: quid sit codices 26 sit uerbum codices praeter 2/E2 est om. 2% {eras, in S) 14 SECVNDA EDITIO quibus disputaturus est definire, hic enim constituere definire intellegendum est. determinandum namque est quid haec omnia sint id est quid nomen sit, quid verbum et cetera, quae elementa interpretationis esse 5 praediximus, sed adfirmatio atque negatio sub inter¬ pretatione sunt, quare nomen et verbum adfirmatio-sse est contineatur aut fal-conata T gerundi FXE (gerunti? F) I c. 1. 15 veniant vel quod tempus propria significatione con¬ tineant; interiectiones vero atque pronomina nec non adverbia in nominis loco ponenda sunt, idcirco quod aliquid significant definitum, ubi nulla est vel passio¬ nis significatio vel actionis, quod si casibus horum 5 quaedam flecti non «possunt, nihil inpedit. sunt enim quaedam nomina quae monoptota nominantur, quod si quis ista longius et non proxime petita esse arbi¬ tretur, illud tamen concedit, quod supra iam diximus, non esse aequum calumniari ei, qui non de omni ora- 10 tione, sed de tantum simplici enuntiatione proponat, quod tantum sibi ad definitionem sumpserit, quantum arbitratus sit operi instituto sufficere, quare dicen¬ dum est | Aristotelem non omnis orationis partes hoc p. 294 opere velle definire, sed tantum solius simplicis enun-que negationem, divisionem 30 partium facere voluisse, quae sunt nomina et verba, haec enim per se ipsa intellectum simplicem servant, 1. 2 continent F 7 monopta S 9 concedat b 10 calumpniari E eum? 11 tantum de E2 enuntiatione om. S1 12 sumpserat F 14 omnes SFT 20 et om. F 26 et negationem et F 31 uerba et nomina F „ 16 SECVNDA EDITIO quae eadem dictiones vocantur, sed non sola dicuntur, sunt namque dictiones et aliae quoque: orationes vel inperfectae vel perfectae, cuius plures esse partes supra iam docui, inter quas perfectae orationis species 5 est enuntiatio, et haec quoque alia simplex, alia con-: solae codices 2 quoq; ut b 4. 5 est species F 5 alias — dico Socrates non ambulat, quare si secundum quantitatem adfirmatio 15 minor est, eam priorem quoque esse necesse est. illud quoque adiunxit adfirmationem quendam esse habitum, negationem vero privationem, sed prior habitus pri¬ vatione: adfirmatio igitur negatione prior est. et ne singula persequi laborem, cum aliis quoque modis 20 demonstraret adfirmationem negatione esse priorem, a communi eas genere separavit, nullas enim species arbitratur sub eodem genere esse posse, in quibus prius vel posterius consideretur, sed Porphyrius ait sese docuisse species enuntiationis esse adfirmatio- 25 nem et negationem in his commentariis quos in Theo¬ phrastum edidit; hic vero Alexandri argumentatio¬ nem tali ratione dissolvit, ait enim non oportere arbitrari, quaecumque quolibet modo priora essent aliis, ea sub eodem genere | poni non posse, sed quae- p. 295 cumque secundum esse suum atque substantiam priora 31 vel posteriora sunt, ea sola sub eodem genere non ponuntur, et recte dicitur, si enim omne quidquid 15 si om. S^E1 16 quoq. priorem F esse om. SF 22 separaret SF, separabat S2F2, separat T nullus SF1 24 aliquid prius GrTE consideratur F 26 iis F2 Boetii comxnent. II. 2 18 SECVNDA EDITIO prius est cum eo quod posterius est sub uno genere esse non potest, nec primis substantiis et secundis commune genus poterit esse substantia; quod qui di¬ cit a recto ordine rationis exorbitat, sed quemad- 5 modum quamquam sint primae et secundae substan¬ tiae, tamen utraque aequaliter in subiecto non sunt et idcirco esse ipsorum ex eo pendet, quod in sub¬ iecto non sunt, atque ideo sub uno substantiae genere conlocantur: ita quoque quamquam adfirmationes ne- 10 gationibus in orationis prolatione priores sint, tamen ad esse atque ad naturam propriam aequaliter enun¬ tiatione participant, enuntiatio vero est in qua veri¬ tas et falsitas inveniri potest, qua in re et adfirmatio et negatio aequales sunt, aequaliter enim et adfir- matione pronuntiaverit dicens: primum oportet 30 constituere, quid nomen et quid verbum, po¬ stea quid est negatio et adfirmatio. et primum quidem nihil proprium dixit, quoniam in quibus et ad-15 20 25 30 SECVNDA EDITIO 20 elementum , nomen scilicet et verbum, post haec ne¬ gationem et adfirmationem, quae species enuntiationis sunt, quorum genus id est enuntiationem tertiam nominavit, quartam vero orationem posuit, quae ipsius 5 enuntiationis genus est. et horum se omnium defini¬ tiones daturum esse promisit, quas interim relinquens atque praeteriens et in posteriorem tractatum diffe¬ rens illud nunc addit quae sint verba et nomina aut quid ipsa significent, quare antequam ad verba Ari- 10 stotelis ipsa veniamus, pauca communiter de nomini¬ bus atque verbis et de his quae significantur a verbis ac nominibus disputemus, sive enim quaelibet inter¬ rogatio sit atque responsio, sive perpetua cuiuslibet 14 orationis continuatio atque alterius auditus et intel- 296 legentia, sive hic quidem doceat ille vero discat, | tri¬ bus his totus orandi ordo perficitur: rebus, intellecti¬ bus, vocibus, res enim ab intellectu concipitur, vox vero conceptiones animi intellectusque significat, ipsi vero intellectus et concipiunt subiectas res et signifi- 20 cantur a vocibus, cum igitur tria sint haec per quae omnis oratio conlocutioque perficitur, res quae sub- iectae sunt, intellectus qui res concipiant et rursus a vocibus significentur, voces vero quae intellectus de¬ signent, quartum quoque quiddam est, quo voces ipsae 25 valeant designari, id autem sunt litterae, scriptae namque litterae ipsas significant voces, quare quat¬ tuor ista sunt, ut litterae quidem significent voces, voces vero intellectus, intellectus autem concipiant res, quae scilicet habent quandam non confusam neque 30 fortuitam consequentiam, sed terminata naturae suae ordinatione constant, res enim semper comitantur eum qui ab ipsis concipitur intellectum, ipsum vero intellectum vox sequitur, sed voces elementa id est 3 quarum? 17 — 20 res — in animi conceptione versantur, sed apud quos idem intellectus sunt, easdem res eorum intellectibus subiectas esse manifestum est. sed hoc nulla ratione convertitur, namque apud quos eaedem res sunt idemque intel¬ lectus, non statim eaedem voces eaedemque sunt lit¬ terae. nam cum Romanus, Graecus ac barbarus simul videant equum, habent quoque de eo eundem intel¬ lectum quod equus sit et apud eos eadem res sub- ficatione S1 28 intellectum res F 31 consistit E 5 10 15 20 25 30 22 SECVNDA EDITIO sint, mox intellectus esse necesse est. plures enim voces invenies quae nihil omnino significent, nec in¬ tellectui quoque subiecta res semper est. sunt enim intellectus sine re ulla subiecta, ut quos centauros 5 vel chimaeras poetae finxerunt, horum enim sunt in¬ tellectus quibus subiecta nulla substantia est. sed si quis ad naturam redeat eamque consideret diligenter, agnoscet cum res est, eius quoque esse intellectum: quod si non apud homines, certe apud eum, qui pro-m unum sit nomen, diversis litte- 25 ris scribi potest, namque Latinis litteris scribi potest, potest etiam Graecis, potest aliis nunc primum in¬ ventis litterarum figuris, quare quoniam apud quos eaedem res sunt, eosdem intellectus esse necesse est, apud quos idem intellectus sunt, voces eaedem non 30 sunt et apud quos eaedem voces sunt, non necesse 2 significant F 3 est semper E 9 omnes T2 Denm b 10 snbst. div. E 13 nataram pertinet F2 14 quaedam causa F 15 ut enim cum S2F 16 pro litterae: uoces E2 easdem E2 pro nomina: literas E2 18 mox non S2FE2 25 namque — potest in marg. F 28 res om. F1 29 non eaedem (non supra lin .) F 30 prius sunt om. F I c. 1. 23 est eadem elementa constitui; dicendum est res et in¬ tellectus, quoniam apud omnes idem sunt, | esse na-et per nomina verbaque 0 14 designentur T doctis S1 17. 18 min. p. art. voc. E 19 littera T pro a: id T 20 grafio STE 24. 25 vel qui F1 29 profecti ego : profecto SFE, profectu T, pro¬ fectus S2F2E2 30 exercent ego: exercet codices atque in marg. S 24 SECYNDA EDITIO pronuntiant), qui vero discit vel qui audit vel etiam qui respondet a nominibus ad intellectus progressi ad res usque perveniunt, accipiens enim is qui discit vel qui audit vel qui respondet docentis vel dicentis 5 vel interrogantis sermonem, quid unusquisque illorum dicat intellegit et intellegens rerum quoque scientiam capit et in ea consistit, recte igitur dictum est in voce, intellectu atque re contrarie sese habere eos qui docent, dicunt, interrogant atque eos qui discunt, audiunt et re- quod animi atque intellectus orationem designet, 25 quae tacita cogitatione conficitur, et quod haec intel¬ lectus oratio subiectas principaliter res sibi concipiat ac designet, ex quibus quattuor duas quidem Aristo¬ teles esse naturaliter dicit, res et animi conceptiones, id est eam quae fit in intellectibus orationem, idcirco 30 quod apud omnes eaedem atque inmutabiles sint; 6 et om. S1 12 uerba et nomina S2F, nomina et uerba (in ras .) E 12 — 13 haec —e similitudines, res etiam eaedem, de his quidem dictum est in his quae sunt dicta de anima, alterius est enim negotii. Cum igitur prius posuisset nomen et verbum et 15 quaecumque secutus est postea se definire promisisset, haec interim praetermittens de passionibus animae deque earum notis, quae sunt scilicet voces, pauca praemittit, sed cur hoc ita interposuerit, plurimi |com- p.298 mentatores causas reddere neglexerunt, sed a tribus 20 quantum adhuc sciam ratio huius interpositionis ex- plicita est. quorum Hermini quidem a rerum veri¬ tate longe disiuncta est. ait enim idcirco Aristotelen de notis animae passionum interposuisse sermonem, ut utilitatem propositi operis inculcaret, disputaturus 25 enim de vocibus, quae sunt notae animae passionum, recte de his quaedam ante praemisit, nam cum suae nullus animae passiones ignoret, notas quoque cum animae passionibus non nescire utilissimum est. neque enim illae cognosci possunt nisi per voces quae sunt 30 1 non om. S1 4.5 eisdem FE 10 noces eaedem F Ar.: eaedem uoces ceteri hae codices cf. p. 43 , 6 12 animae sunt codices 10 niam significantium momentum ex his quae signifi¬ cantur oritur, idcirco prius nos de his quae voces ipsae significant docere proponit, sed Herminus hoc loco repudiandus est. nihil enim tale quod ad cau¬ sam propositae sententiae pertineret explicuit. Ale- 15 x and er vero strictim proxima intellegentia praeter¬ vectus tetigit quidem causam, non tamen principalem rationem Aristotelicae propositionis exsolvit. sedPor- sint. Aristoteles enim nominibus et verbis res sub- iectas significari non putat, nec vero sensus vel etiam imaginationes, sensuum quidem non esse significativas voces nomina et verba in opere de iustitia sic de¬ clarat dicens cpvdeL yaQ ev&vg diriQ^rai tcc rs votf- { Lata nal ta aiGfrri [luta, quod interpretari Latine potest hoc modo: natura enim<(statim)>divisa sunt intellectus et sensus, differre igitur aliquid arbi¬ tratur sensum atque intellectum, sed qui passiones animae a vocibus significari dicit, is non de sensibus loquitur, sensus enim corporis passiones sunt, si igitur ita dixisset passiones corporis a vocibus signi¬ ficari, tunc merito sensus intellegeremus, sed quoniam passiones animae nomina 'et verba significare propo¬ suit, non sensus sed intellectus eum dicere putandum est. sed quoniam imaginatio quoque res animae est, dubitaverit aliquis ne forte passiones animae imagi- 14 Ar. fragm. coli. VRose 76 2 per quas se F2 9 designativa b: designificatiua co¬ dices 14 dirjQ7]Tcu ego (cf. Ar. 1162,22 eth. Nic. VIII, 14: sv&vs yocQ di7iQi]Tcu tu %Qya v.ul S6TLV sxsQu uvSqos Y.ui yv- vaixog): anhphtai SGNJTE; verba Graeca om. F (<4>rsEl FAP EY& et alia in marg. F2), dicens hic deest grecum quod interpretari B 15 AIZTHMATA EN Latine om. F 16 potes VRose statim ego add.: om. codices diuersa E2 est N 19 a om. S*F 23 designificare F 26 animae om. F 5 10 15 20 25 28 BECVNDA EDITIO nationes, qnas Graeci (pavraCiag nominant, dicat, sed haec in libris de anima verissime diligentissimeque separavit dicens etircv de cpavraoCa eteqov epaOeog nal unoepaGeag' Gvintloxr} yaQ vorj[icctav etirlv ro ccArjfreg 5 xcd ro tyevdog. rd de tcqcotcc vocata t C dioCcei rov [. irj cpavrcc<D[iuTa eivcu ; rj ovde ravra <pavrcc6[iarcc , «AA’ ovk ccvev cpuvratitiarav. quod sic interpretamur: est autem imaginatio diversa adfirmatione et ne¬ gatione; conplexio namque intellectuum est 10 veritas et falsitas. primi vero intellectus quid discrepabunt, ut non sint imaginationes? an certe neque haec sunt imaginationes, sed sine imaginationibus non sunt, quae sententia de¬ monstrat aliud quidem esse imaginationes, aliud in- 15 telleetus; ex intellectuum quidem conplexione adfirma-14. 1 fantasias F, phantasias ceteri 2 haec b: hoc codices diligentissimeque neq; N ( corr . aeque N1?) 3 — 7 dicens. EZTIN je ( cet . om.) F, dicens hic item deest grecum B 6 cpcivtuGiiuxci — imaginationes: <E>ANTAZMsl codices pro rj : N codices 7 interpretatur EN 10 aliquid S2F 13. 14 demonstret T, corr. T2 19 quis F 25 idem ( nominibusque versantur, ea neque sensus neque imaginationes, sed solam significare in- iunctum. quaerit vero Porphyrius, cur ita dixerit: sunt ergo ea quae sunt in voce, et non sic: sunt 30 3 si quod S^1 7 ait. sub om. F enim (pro eius) E 10 confuse b: confusae SF, confusa TE in im. S2, in yma- ginationem F praesumpta T 15 imaginationis SFE1? 18 sit ( pro possit) S1 19 cogitationem SFE 20 conecti ego : conectit codices, connectitur b 21 teneri F, corr. F2 22 esse om. T1 28 ad T 30 SECTODA EDITIO igitur voces; et rursus cur ita et ea quae scribun¬ tur et non dixerit: et litterae, quod resolvit hoc modo, dictum est tres esse apud Peripateticos ora¬ tiones, unam quae litteris scriberetur, aliam quae pro-velut si diceret: 20 ea verba et nomina quae in vocali oratione proferuntur animae passiones denuntiant, illa autem rursus verba et nomina quae scribuntur eorum verborum nominum¬ que significantiae praesunt quae voce proferuntur, nam sicut vocalis orationis verba et nomina conce- aliquid, non natura: non di- 30 xit: sunt igitur voces earum quae sunt in anima pas¬ sionum notae, namque neque omnis vox significativa 5. 6 quae sunt in v.— nomina in marg. F 15 sunt] sunt designantes TGr 17 et uerba et T 20 vel] et b 21 va¬ cant ego: uacarent codices , carent b que om. S1 22 qua¬ dam S2E 24 moerorem S, merore FE 32 nam FT 32 SECVNDA EDITIO est et sunt quaedam significativae quae naturaliter non positione significent, quod si ita dixisset, nihil ad proprietatem verborum et nominum pertineret, quocirca noluit communiter dicere voces, sed dixit 5 tantum ea quae sunt in voce, vox enim universale quiddam est, nomina vero et verba partes, pars autem omnis in toto est. verba ergo et nomina quoniam sunt intra vocem, recte dictum est ea quae sunt in voce, velut si diceret: quae intra vocem continentur intel- 10 lectuum designativa sunt, sed hoc simile est ac si ita dixisset: vox certo modo sese habens significat intel¬ lectus. non enim (ut dictum est) nomen et verbum voces tantum sunt, sicut nummus quoque non solum aes inpressum quadam figura est, ut nummus vocetur, 15 sed etiam ut alicuius rei sit pretium: eodem quoque modo verba et nomina non solum voces sunt, sed positae ad quandam intellectuum significationem, vox enim quae nihil designat, ut est garalus, licet eam grammatici figuram vocis intuentes nomen esse con-pro dixit) T 9. 10 des. s. intell. T, corr. T2 13 nummos S1 18 garulus F 20 putabit ego: putavit codices 22 aliq. rer. F 25 dicitur T ideo om. F1 27 — 28 non — referri potuit litterarum, sed ait quae scribuntur, ut ostenderet de his litteris dicere quae 15 in scriptione consisterent id est quarum figura vel in cera stilo vel in membrana calamo posset effingi, alioquin illa iam quae in sonis sunt ad ea nomina referuntur quae in voce sunt, quoniam sonis illis no¬ mina et verba iunguntur. sed Porphyrius de utra- 20 que expositione iudicavit dicens: id quod ait et quae scribuntur non potius ad litteras, sed ad verba et nomina quae posita sunt in litterarum inscriptione referendum, restat igitur ut illud quoque addamus, cur non ita dixerit: sunt ergo ea quae sunt in voce 25 intellectuum notae, sed ita earum quae sunt in anima passionum | notae, nam cum ea quae sunt p.30l in voce res intellectusque significent, principaliter qui¬ dem intellectus, res vero quas ipsa intellegentia con- cum omnis animae passio rei quaedam videatur esse proprietas, porro autem designativae voces intellectuum principaliter, rerum dehinc a quibus intellectus profecti sunt signi- 25 ficatione nitantur, quidquid est in vocibus significati¬ vum, id animae passiones designat, sed hae passiones animarum ex rerum similitudine procreantur, videns 4 intellegi T ( corr . T1) 5 intellectio T 6 Haec T 8 quidem F 9 quem actum F, actum supra lin. J, s. actum supra lin. S2 12 oratione ego : oratio codices ; oratio suprascr. s. explicat S2, oratio ///////////explicat F significatione dei et post simul transponit F2 (E in marg in voce, ea vero quae scribuntur, inquit Ale¬ xander, notas esse vocum id est nominum ac verbo- 5 rum ex hoc monstravit quod diceret et quemadmo¬ dum nec litterae omnibus eaedem, sic nec vo¬ ces eaedem, signum namque est vocum ipsarum significationem litteris contineri, quod ubi variae sunt litterae et non eadem quae scribuntur varias quoque 10 voces esse necesse est. haec Alexander. Porphy- rius vero quoniam tres proposuit orationes, unam quae litteris contineretur, secundam quae verbis ac nominibus personaret, tertiam quam mentis evolveret intellectus, id Aristotelem significare pronuntiat, 15 cum dicit: sunt ergo ea quae sunt in voce earum quae sunt in anima passionum notae, quod ostenderet si ita dixisset: sunt ergo ea quae sunt in p. 302 voce et verba et nomina animae passionum | notae, et quoniam monstravit quorum essent voces significa- 5 quo TE1 9 eaedem F, eedem T 13 quae F 14 ari-t ea quae scribuntur ita dictum esset, tamquam si diceret: sicut ea quae scribuntur, quidquid ad hanc sententiam videtur ad- hic duplex lectio est. Alexander enim hoc modo legi putat oportere: quorum autem haec primo- 1. 2 oporteret E 11 recipit S, corr. S2 18—19 quam — Alexander in marg. S 21 vocum om. S1 24. 25 eae¬ dem v. codices {item p. 38, 10 et 29) 27 hisdem S2F2TE hisdem SF2TE 31 hae codices {item p. 38, 18) 5 10 15 20 25 30 38 SECYNDA EDITIO rum notae, eaedem omnibus passiones animae et quorum eaedem similitudines, res etiam eaedem, volens enim Aristoteles ea quae positione significant ab bis quae aliquid designant naturaliter 5 segregare hoc interposuit: ea quae positione significant varia esse, ea vero quae naturaliter apud omnes eadem, et incobans quidem a vocibus ad litteras ve¬ nit easque primo non esse naturaliter significativas demonstrat dicens : et quemadmodum nec litterae 10 omnibus eaedem, sic nec voces eaedem, nam si idcirco probantur litterae non esse naturaliter signifi¬ cantes, quod apud alios aliae sint ac diversae, eodem quoque modo probabile erit voces quoque non natu¬ raliter significare, quoniam singulae hominum gentes 15 non eisdem inter se vocibus conio quantur. volens vero similitudinem intellectuum rerumque subiectarum do¬ cere naturaliter constitutam ait: quorum autem haec primorum notae, eaedem omnibus passio¬ nes animae, quorum, inquit, voces quae apud diver- 20 sas gentes ipsae quoque diversae sunt significationem retinent, quae scilicet sunt animae passiones, illae apud omnes eaedem sunt, neque enim fieri potest, ut quod apud Romanos homo intellegitur lapis apud barbaros intellegatur, eodem quoque modo de ceteris 25 rebus, ergo huiusmodi sententia est, qua dicit ea quae voces significent apud omnes hominum gentes non mutari, ut ipsae quidem voces, sicut supra mon¬ stravit cum dixit quemadmodum nec litterae omnibus eaedem, sic nec voces eaedem, apud 30 plures diversae sint, illud vero quod voces ipsae si¬ gnificant apud omnes homines idem sit nec ulla ra- 1 animae sunt codices ( item 19) 7 inchoatis T 8 si¬ gnificas S1, signifitiuas T 15 colloquuntur b 17 //////ait S, quod ait TE (quod dei. E1?) 22 apud om. F, add. F1 23 qui T 24 modo quoq. F 29 apud ego: cum apud codices 31 fit F I c. 1. 39 tione valeat permutari, qui sunt scilicet intellectus rerum, qui quoniam naturaliter sunt permutari non possunt, atque hoc est quod ait: quorum autem haec primorum notae, id est voces, eaedem om¬ nibus passiones animae, ut demonstraret voces 5 quidem esse diversas, quorum autem ipsae voces signi¬ ficativae essent, quae sunt scilicet animae passiones, easdem apud omnes esse nec | ulla ratione, quoniam p. 303 sunt constitutae naturaliter, permutari, nec vero in hoc constitit, ut de solis vocibus atque intellectibus 10 loqueretur, sed quoniam voces atque litteras non esse naturaliter constitutas per id significavit, quod eas non apud omnes easdem esse proposuit, rursus intel¬ lectus quos animae passiones vocat per hoc esse na¬ turales ostendit, quod apud omnes idem sint, a quibus 15 id est intellectibus ad res transitum fecit, ait enim quorum hae similitudines, res etiam eaedem hoc scilicet sentiens, quod res quoque naturaliter apud omnes homines essent eaedem: sicut ipsae animae passiones quae ex rebus sumuntur apud omnes horni- 20 nes eaedem sunt, ita quoque etiam ipsae res quarum similitudines sunt animae passiones eaedem apud omnes sunt, quocirca quoque naturales sunt, sicut sunt etiam rerum similitudines, quae sunt animae passiones. H er minus vero huic est expositioni con- 25 trarius. dicit enim non esse verum eosdem apud omnes homines esse intellectus, quorum voces signi¬ ficativae sint, quid enim, inquit, in aequivocatione dicetur, ubi unus idemque vocis modus plura signi¬ ficat? sed magis hanc lectionem veram putat, ut ita 30 sit: quorum autem haec primorum notae, hae omnibus passiones animae et quorum hae si¬ militudines, res etiam hae: ut demonstratio vi- 4 hae codices (item 31) 5 animae sunt codices (item 32) 21 quarum b: quorum codices 23 homines F, corr. F2 res quoq. b 28 sunt F 31 autem ovi. S1 40 SECVNDA EDITIO deatur quorum voces significativae sint vel quorum passiones animae similitudines, et lioc simpliciter ac¬ cipiendum est secundum Her minum, ut ita dicamus: quorum voces significativae sunt, illae sunt animae 5 passiones, tamquam diceret: animae passiones sunt, quas significant voces, et rursus quorum sunt simili¬ tudines ea quae intellectibus continentur, illae sunt res, tamquam si dixisset: res sunt quas significant in¬ tellectus. sed Porphyrius de utrisque acute subti- 10 literque iudicat et Alexandri magis sententiam pro¬ bat, hoc quod dicat non debere dissimulari de multi¬ plici aequivocationis significatione, nam et qui dicit ad unam quamlibet rem commodat animum, scilicet quam intellegens voce declarat, et unum rursus intel-aec primorum notae, eaedem 30 omnibus passiones animae sunt, quaerit Ale- 9. 10 suptiliterq. SE 11 hoc dei. S2, om. F quod F: quo STEGN, quoque E2 dicit E2 14 voce eras, in F 16 utrique? 17 designat T quod T 18 nomen S1 23 distinxerint T quos ( suprascr rimorum esse dixit notas, in hoc vero Aspa- quae sunt iusta ac bona ad positionem omnia naturamve referuntur, et si de iusto ac | bono p. 304 ita loquitur, ut de eo quod civile ius aut civilis in- 30 1 quod T causa S F 2 dixerit b 4 pro tamen ris se de anima commemorat diligentius disputasse, sed quoniam demonstratum est, quoniam et verba et nomina et oratio intellectuum principaliter significa¬ tiva sunt, quidquid est in voce significationis ab in¬ tellectibus venit, quare prius paululum de intellecti¬ bus perspiciendum ei qui recte aliquid de vocibus disputabit, ergo quod supra passiones animae et si¬ militudines vocavit, idem nunc apertius intellectum vocat dicens: Est autem, quemadmodum in anima ali- quotiens quidem intellectus sine vero vel falso, aliquotiens autem cui iam necesse est horum alterum inesse, sic etiam in voce; circa con- positionem enim et divisionem est falsitas veri- 1. 2 eaedem v. codices 2 et] ut E, corr. E2 3 intel¬ lectus esse E 5 quarum b: quorum codices 6 haec E Ar. tcivxcc : hae E blithyri NT blythiri EF? (in fine suprascr. S F)”. “signatiuis” “significativis” garalus garulus F. -- Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Caramello” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51777304810/in/dateposted-public/
Keywords: linguaggio e metafilosofia, semantica, quarto duca di montaltino, semantica ed esperienza, semantica e fenomenologia, filiasi carcano, montaltino, carapelle. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Carapelle” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51777277620/in/dateposted-public/
(VI, p. 311). Cleto Carbonara. Keywords: l’esperienza e la prattica, esperienza, dull title: “l’empirismo come filosofia dell’esperienza”! – i periti conversazionale – esperienza dell’altro, persona e persone – solipsism, anti-solipsismo – esperienza, sperimento, esperire, perito, perizia, per, fare, fahren, --. altri, altro, l’altro, l’altri, la filosofia pratica, etica e diritto, la filosofia pratica di Giovanni Amedeo Fichte, il pratico e l’aletico. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Carbonara” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51777011254/in/dateposted-public/
‘linguaggio’, individuus, dividuus, dividuo -- Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Carbone” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51774461752/in/dateposted-public/
Photo out of copyright (The Warburg Institute, Photographic Collection) Fig. 5. © National Museums Liverpool, Walker Art Gallery Fig. 6. [© National Museums Liverpool, Walker Art Gallery Sammlung. ZMassimo Carboni. Keywords: tratto dalla vita, estetica, arte, icona, parola, immagine, filosofia antica, il concetto dell’antico, l’antico – l’antico e il moderno – drawing from the antique – antico – filosofia antica, arte antica, statuaria antica, the lure of the antique – il gusto e l’antico --. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Carboni” – The Swimming-Pool Library.
levi: filosofo italiano - Italian philosopher of Jewish descent. Author of “Storia della filosofia romana.”
giornale critico della filosofia italiana.
Giovanni d. “Positivismo italiano.”
cassiodoro: noble Italian philosopher. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, "Grice e Cassiodoro," per Il Club Anglo-Italiano, The Swimming-Pool Library, Villa Grice, Liguria, Italia
casalegno, paolo. Italian philosopher author of “H. P. Grice” in “Filosofia del linguaggio.”
cattaneo: essential Italian philosopher. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, "Grice e Cattaneo," per Il Club Anglo-Italiano, The Swimming-Pool Library, Villa Grice, Liguria, Italia.
i doni, Non sia molesta almen con le preghiere. Nè il pieno giorno introdurrai nel talamo, Chè giova a voi tener del corpo vostro Molte cose celate. Ha fine il gioco; È tempo ornai di scendere da’Oigni, Che sul collo guidaro il nostro cocchio; E come fero i giovanetti un giorno. Così la turba delle donne scrìva Sulle spoglie ; Nason ci fu maestro. Gianni Carchia. Keywords: ars amandi, erotica, il bello, la comunicazione dei primitivi. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Carchia” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51775426728/in/dateposted-public/
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la parola (verbum) stessa e ciò che è prodotto nell'animo per mezzo della parola [di¬ cibile]". La dictio, inoltre, "non procede per se stessa, ma per significare qualcosa d'altro" (ibidem). 4 Si ricorderà che dagli stoici un segno era concepito, in termini propo¬ sizionali, come un antecedente che rimandava a un conseguente; cfr. Sext. Emp., Adv. Math., VliI, 245. s Per questa nozione, cfr. Lotman-Uspenskij (1975).
patrizia di Novara. Pietro Cardano. Keywords: Cardano, implicatura. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cardano” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51775966110/in/dateposted-public/
deve essere neutro in questione di religione. Verdi – il papa – stati papali – repubblica italiana – liberta di culto – giurisprudenza – religione dell’antica roma – il pontifice nella religione romana antica – credenza religiosa – credenza naturale – credenza super-naturale – il sovra-naturale – il naturale – l’idea di religione nella antica Roma – il mito romano – la mitologia romana antica – il sacro – il pagano – la filosofia della roma antica pagana – la critica dei antichi romani al cristianesimo, il culto del laico, worship of the hero, il culto dell’eroe -- Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cardia” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51774096897/in/dateposted-public/
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optimal for cross examination. Money Carifi. Keywords: ablativi relative, filosofia e poesia – l’implicatura del poeta – l’implicatura di Blake – l’implicatura di Guglielmo Blake – rhyme or reason – the invention of rhyme – l’invenzione della rima – empedocle: ragione senza rima -- Heidegger, conversation, language, silence, being, inter-subjectivity. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Carifi” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51775516699/in/dateposted-public/
30. 2.3.178. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Carle” – The Swimming-Pool Library.
Keywords: filosofia fascista, Bovio, Locke, senso, esperienza, il mito del realismo, la categoria dello spirito, animus e spiritus, filosofia italiana, storia della filosofia romana, l’ambasciata di Carneade a Roma, la antichissima sapienza degl’italici, la scuola di pitagora, sicilia e la magna grecia, geist, ghost, spirito, animo, spirito oggetivo, Bosanquet, testi di filosofia ad uso dei licei, aristotele, il principio logico, Cartesio, il problema di cartesio, senso ed esperienza, storia della filosofia, avvivamento alla filosofia, i grandi filosofi – mondatori – the great and the minor -- Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Carlini” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51775361469/in/dateposted-public/
true: ‘intending’ ENTAILS belief, does not IMPLICATE it! Pears, D. F. Pears. – P. F. Strawson and H. P. Grice on ‘free’ – Actions and Events --.- Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Caro” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51773869382/in/dateposted-public/
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sulla mestruazione, ente, essente. Giano, e la religione, paganesimo. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Carulli” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51775301924/in/dateposted-public/
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a ‘he’!” -- Grice: “His first experience was with a Venetian nobleman; his second one cost him the expulsion from the seminary – Altham alleges he (Casanova, not Altham) slept with “at least” twenty males!” – Grice: “Altham’s favourite is the description of the ‘erotical game’ as masked in Venice -- Giacomo Casanova. Keywords. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Casanova: conversazione sessuale, conversazione e conversazione” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51775479910/in/dateposted-public/
unità emica" -- Luigi Speranza, "Fenomenologia" -- Luigi Speranza, "Concettualismo". Roberto Casati. Keywords: Eurialo e Niso; ovvero, dell’amicizia, “la conversazione come arte del negoziato”; teoria conversazionale dell’artifatto, segno, comunicazione, imagine, intenzione, Grice, Ricominiciamo da capo – logico, stramaledettamente logico – implicatura come stramaledettamente logica -- Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Casati” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51775216784/in/dateposted-public/
Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Casotti” – The Swimming-Pool Library https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51714156301/in/photolist-2mSSQnN-2mMNyYv/
Castelli
valore, implicanza pragmatica, l’implicanza di speranza, l’impieganza di speranza, Apel, prammatica.; Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Castrucci” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51774520261/in/dateposted-public/
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Catena. Keywords: logica matematica, logica aritmetica, logica arimmetica. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Catena” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51773531898/in/dateposted-public/
psicologia filosofica, psicologia, sociologia filosofica, ego e alter ego, logica e linguaggio, il latino, l’italiano di lombardia, il natale di Cattaneo – regione Lombardia – provincia -- – Milano. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cattaneo” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51773904359/in/dateposted-public/
italiana, avvocatura ed implicatura. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cattaneo” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51772445997/in/dateposted-public/
endowed.Guido Cavalcanti. Keywords: lo sviluppo della teoria dell’amore in Aristotele – amore e morte, amore e anima vegetativa (l’amante non mangia, l’amante non dorme) – l’animo e il corpo come entelechia, sinolo perfetto, I due sinola, sinolo, Greco sinolon, da sin, co- e holos, tutto. – l’amore come incontro disastroso di due entellechie. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cavalcanti” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51691357581/in/photolist-2mN8u25-2mKMHH8-2mPV6V9-2mKHtgX-2mKBEmt
which still concern us.”Cavallo. Tiberius Cavallo. Tiberio Cavallo. Keywords: elettrico, filosofia naturale, filosofia trans-naturale, la rana ambigua. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cavallo” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51774090555/in/dateposted-public/
modes and through different channels. “ Even they who worship other gods, says Krishna, the incarnate Deity, in an ancient Indian poem ( Bhagavat-Gita ), “worship me although they know it not ''— Payne Knight. Mario Cazzaniga. Gian Mario Cazzaniga. Keywords: rito di passage, solo una volta, l’iniziazione, massoneria, esoterismo, democrazia come sistema simbolico, sovranita, stato nazionale, conflitto, liberta, fraternita, iguaglianza. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cazzaniga” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51774044075/in/dateposted-public/
l’anima. Concetto di nomero, definizione splicita, implicita, gradual del numero, peano, frege, logica della scoperta, revivirla? il paradiso di Rota, il paradiso di Cantor, parmenide, non-contradizzione, il significato, il problema de significato, il problema del significato in Hintikka, Grice divergenza connetivo logico e connetivo nella lingua volgare (‘non,’ ‘e,’ ‘o,’ ‘si,’ ‘ogni’, ‘alcuno (al meno uno)’, ‘il,’. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cellucci” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51711681535/in/photolist-2mMzTj8
Pitagora, Galilei, il Romolo di Plutarco, la prova della relita steriore e la oggettivita della cognizione, storia della filosofia romana, Campanella, Alighieri, il noologico, filosofia della storia, formola logica. Il concetto di nazione italiana, Aosta, vide Ennio. Refs.: “Grice e Centofanti” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51717263650/in/photolist-2mN5uFu-2mKDA5r
attiva del bene e del male, in modo che l'uno generi l'altro per necessità logica (e questa é la soluzione preferita dal filosofo) (*): soluzione, come si (') Prolegomeni, I, pag. 71-75. Lo Spirito oggettivo 389 vede, trascendentale, ma punto strana perchè «l'esi- genza del trascendentalismo è propria dell'uomo : esso è necessario alla spiritualità, cosi come la respi- razione al corpo umano » (*), sebbene, sommando le op- posizioni che si sono mosse alla speculazione, si vede che tutto lo scibile finito iu l'avversario d'ogni trascen- dentalismo del pensiero non può essere manifestata da questo mezzo estrinseco, che è la lingua » (*). Il che significa che essa, giunta che sia di fronte alla specu- lazione pura, o per dir meglio, al sistema contempla- tivOy si esautora da sé medesima, riconoscendosi insuf- ficiente a esprimerlo concretamente: anzi, «la lingua (*) Idee radicali delle discipline matematiche ed empirico- induttive. Fase. I e 2. (^) Introduzione alla coltura generale, pag. 121. (*) Prolegomeni, pag. 368. (*) Massime e Dialoghi^ Fase. 18, pag. 18. 392 Lo spirito oggettivo volgare, per Tuso pratico della vita, vuol essere stu- diata sugli altri dialetti nella nostra lingua letteraria, ecco le osservazioni, che noi riferiamo qui non perchè ci paiano originali, ma per dimostrare, una volta di più, quale sicurezza di sguardo avesse il Ceretti in ogni que- stione, che si affacciasse al suo intelletto: « La lingua italiana possiede, come tutte le altre, il suo proprio genio caratteristico, per il quale non può essere confusa con veruna delle lingue romaniche. I suoi dialetti, moltissimi e svariatissimi, si distinguono fra loro singolarmente per il loro specifico carattere, ma nessuno potrebbe sospettarli dialetti d'una lingua altrimenti che l' della storia umana Intensità dell’esistenza ed annullamento Insegnamento della lingua I fondamenti dello scibile finito . . ’ La religiosità dell’Asia. ... La religiosità in Grecia e in Roma . II Cristianesimo. L’igiene . . . L’ozio . delle Trascendentalismo, La verità poetica . La responsabilità . Paradossi .... La professione . Il regime .... L’educazione del getter L’essenza e il formalismo dello scibile umano Il bello poetico . Il deputato BIBLIOGRAFIA I. Nel Crepuscolo di Milano. Cenno bibliografico sulla i*^ edizione del Pellegrinaggio. II. ^e\V Unione di Torino del 21 novembre 1854, n. 356. Cenno bibliografico, come sopra, del Silorata. III. Nella Revue franco-d'indole generale di L. De Lorenzi. XI. Notizia degli scritti e del pensiero filoso- fico di Pietro Ceretti accompagnata da un cenno autobiografico pel medesimo (la. mia celebrità) per Pasquale D'Ercole. Torino, Unione Tip. Editrice, 1886 pagg. CCCCX-189. (Comprende anche i saggi delle opere di cui ai nn. 7, 17, 20, 25, 49.) Prefazione de IP Autore XII. In Atti deir Accademia Reale delle scienze di Torino, (Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filosofiche). Adunanza del 21 novembre 1886. XIII. In Nuova Antologia del i maggio 1887. No- tizia bibliografica del Prof. Angelo Valdarnini. XIV. In Zeitschrift filr Philosophie und philosophi-dic. 1890. Recensione di B. F. XXIII. Ift Revue philosophique de la France et de UEtranger, n. 8, 1890. Notizia di B. Perez. XXIV. Introduzione del Prof. P. D'Ercole alla Si- nossi, (cfr. n. 24). XXV. In Rassegna Nazionale, 1891. Un poeta fi- losofo. Notizia. XXVI. In Rivista Italiana di Filosofia, gennaio-feb- braio 1891. Notizia del Prof. Angelo Valdarnini. XXVII. In Risveglio educativo, 17 maggio 1891. La pedagogia di P. Ceretti. Studio del Prof. Angelo Val-subjective, animality, animalness, soul, psichico, psychic, psychical versus psychological, progression, pirotological progression, cenobium, neologismo, panlogica, pantologico, logo, esologo, essologo, sinautologo, prologo, dialogo, autologo, tre categorie: tesi QUANTITA (meccanica), anti-tesi, QUALITA (fisica), sin-tesi MODALITA (vita) – arte/religione/filosofia; storia/didattica/diritto, antropologia, antropopedeutica, antroposofia, prasseologia, Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Ceretti” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51773651469/in/dateposted-public/
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and Roman law -- i hegeliani, categoria giuridica, Trasimacco, Kelsen, Eduardo Gaus, Hegel, sistema di diritto romano. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cerroni” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51773615049/in/dateposted-public/
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complesso, complesso proposizionale, discover the simple elements, philosophy as deconstructing the complex, solidarity, altruism, solideratieta, altruismo, sistema complesso, sistema semplice, etimologia di ‘complesso’. Filosofia della solidarieta, solidarieta: il semplice della solidarieta, il semplice dell’altruismo, Butler, amore proprio, amore improprio, altruismo, egoismo, self-love, other-love, benevolence, organizzare l’altruismo, abitare la complessita, multiple e diverso, unico e multiple. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Ceruti” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51773575194/in/dateposted-public/
offerta dall'art. 290. Articoli correlati a "Corpi politici" Art. 338 Codice Penale - Violenza o minaccia ad un Corpo politico, amministrativo o giudiziario o ai suoi singoli componenti Art. 342 Codice Penale - Oltraggio a un Corpo politico, amministrativo o giudiziarioFurio Cerutti. Keywords: il leviatano, il corpo politico, l’organismo politico, lotta di classe, Lukacks, Marx, unione europea, identita culturale, identita sociale, identita politica, corpi politici, I corpi politici, brunetto latini, aquino, Egidio romano, Dante Banquet, Marsiglio di Padua, Pegula. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cerutti” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51772091232/in/dateposted-public/
Cervi
Cesa
or rather, every Englishman hated the Pope!” – Grice: “Sforza Cesarini should never be confused with the philosopher Cesarini Sforza: Sforza Cesarini is under “C”; Cesarini Sforza, the jurisprudential philosopher, is under “S”. IV duca Sforza Cesarini. Francesco II Sforza Cesarini. Francesco Sforza Cesarini. Sforza Cesarini. Cesarini. Keywords: “Letters of my father, kingdom of Italy, anti-Popish, Palazzo di Roma. Patria, patriotism, nazionalismo. Il nuovo regno d’Italia, Vittorio Emanuele II, Porta Pia. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cesarini” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51772077672/in/dateposted-public/
atti ufficiali colle cariche bizantine le forme diploma- tiche e la lingua greca; e come queste forme si mantennero fino al XI secolo, così anche gli allievi ed i discendenti degli artefici greci conser- varono le norme costruttive bizantine, fino a quando si dischiuse per la Sardegna una nuova fase col rinnovamento, che prorompe nel XI secolo al contatto delle fresche energie delle civiltà di Pisa e di Genova. Placido Cherchi. Keywords: implicature sarda, filosofia sarda, etnos, etnicicita italiana, sardegna non e parte d’Italia. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cerchi” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51773531279/in/dateposted-public/
sono altri gravi difetti che la divinazione presenta dal punto di vista semiotico: (i) le interpretazioni di uno stesso segno sono spesso diametralmente opposte (De div. , Il, 83); (ii) si verificano frequentemente fenomeni di falsa identificazione dell'antecedente, per cui un certo evento non è connesso a quello individuato come segno prodigio¬ so, ma a ben diverse cause naturali (De div., II, 62); (iii) l'interpretazione avviene a posteriori e così toglie ogni ne¬ cessità di rapporto tra antecedente e conseguente (De div. , II, 66); (iv) in certi casi l'interpretazione è motivata da ra¬ gioni di faziosità politica e quindi è priva di oggettività (De div., II, came possible to predict what would happen to each individual, and with what destiny each separate person was born. The Egyptians also are believed to -f other nations.) how many different kinds have been adopted by our own people. In the first place, the founder of this city, Romulus, is said not only to have founded the city in obedience to the auspices; but also to have been himself an augur of the highest reputation. After him the other kings also had recourse to soothsayers he drew from an inspection of the entrails of the victims. Augur, from avis, and garrio, to chatter prove why divination may well be a true science. Now of these philosophers, to go back to the most ancient ones, Xenophanes the Colophonian appears to have been the only one who admitted the existence of Gods, and yet utterly denied the efficacy of divination. But every other philosopher except Epicurus, who talks so childishly about the nature of the Gods, has sanctioned a belief in divination of authority to this belief — and indeed he himself wished to acquire the skill of an augur, — and though that most im portant authority, Democritus, had in very many passages of his writings sanctioned a belief in the foreknowledge of future events ; yet Dicsearchus the Peripatetic, on the other hand, denied all other kinds of divination, and left none except those which proceed from frenzy or from dreams. And my own friend Cratippus, whom I consider equal to the most ancient among the Peripatetics, confined his belief to the same matters, and denied the correctness of any other kind of divination. But as the Stoics defended nearly every kind, because Zeno in his Commentaries had scattered some seeds of such a belief, and Cleanthes had amplified and extended his predecessor's observations ch of old women's superstition. V. Now these topics I have often discussed, and I did so lately with more than usual minuteness, when I was with my brother Quintus, in my villa at Tusculum. For when, for the purpose of taking walking exercise, we had come into the Lyceum, (for that is the name of the upper Gymnasium) — I read, said he, a little while ago your third book on the Nature of the Gods; in which, although the arguments of Cotta have not wholly changed my previous opinions, they have undoubtedly a good deal shaken them. You are very right to say so, I replied; for, indeed, Cotta himself ai'gues rather with a view to confute the arguments of the Stoics, than to eradicate religion from men's minds. Then, said Quintus, that is what Cotta himself says, and indeed he repeats it very often ; I imagine, because he does not wish to seem to depart from the ordinary opinions ; so that if there be such an art as divination, then there are Gods, and if there be such beings as Gods, then there is such an art as divination. But neither of these points is admitted as easily as you imagine. For future events may possibly be indicated by nature without the intervention of any God; and, even although there may be such beings as Gods, still it is pos sible that no such art as divination may be given by them to the human race. He replied, — But to me it is quite proof enough, both that there are Gods and that they have a regard for the welfare of mankind, that I perceive that there are manifest and undeni able kinds of divination. With respect to which, I will, if you please, recount to you my own sentiments, provided at least that you have leisure and inclination to hear me, and have nothing which you would like in preference to this discussion. But I, said I, my dear Quintus, have always leisure for philosophical discussion dren of sweetest waters ; and prepare To utter warnings loud and salutary, Rousing the springs and marshes with your cries. Yet who could ever have suspected frogs of having such per ception 1 However, there is in rivulets, and in frogs too, a certain nature indicating something which is clear enough by itself, but more obscure to the knowledge of men. And cloven-footed oxen gazing up To heaven's expense, have often inhaled the air Laden with moisture I do not inquire why all this takes place, since I am acquainted with the fact that it does take place — The mastic, ever green and ever laden With its rich fruit, which thrice in every year Doth swell to ripeness, by its triple crop Points out three times when men should till the earth. Here too, again, I do not ask why this one tree should bloom three times a year- See how almighty Jnve, inflamed and bright, With heavenly fire fills the spacious world, And lights up heaven and earth with wondrous rays Of his divine intelligence and mind ; Which pierces all the inmost sense of men, And vivifies their souls, hold fast within The boundless caverns of eternal air. And would you know the high sublimest paths And ever revolving orbits of the stars, And in what constellations they abide, — Stars which the Greeks erratic falsely call, For certain order and fixed laws direct Their onward course ; then shall you learn that all Is by divinest wisdom fitly ruled. For when you ruled the state, a consul wise, You noted, and with victims due approach'd, Propitiating the rapid stars, and strange Concurrence of the fiery constellations. Then, when you purified the Alban 2 mount, And celebrated the great Latin feast, Bringing pure milk, meet offering for the gods, You saw fierce comets bright and quivering With light unheard of. In the sky you saw 1 This is usually understood to have been a statue of Pluto. 2 The new consuls used to celebrate the Ferioe Latinaj on the Albanus Mons. 150 ON DIVINATION. Fierce wars and dread nocturnal massacre ; J That Latin feast on mournful days did fall, When the pale moon with di m and muffled light Conceal'd her head, and fled, and in the midst Of starry night became invisible. Why should I say how Phoebus' fiery beam, Sure herald of sad war, in mid-day set, Hastening at undue season to its rest, Or how a citizen struck with th' awful bolt, Hurl'd by high Jove from out a cloudless sky, Left the glad light of life lowing hand Himself attack'd his sacred shrines and temples, And hurl'd his darts against the Capitol. Then fell the brazen statue, honour'd long, Of noble Natta ; then fell down the laws Graved on the sacred tablets ; while the bolts Spared not the images of the immortal gods. Here was that noble nurse o' the Roman name, The Wolf of Mars, who from her kindly breast Fed the immortal children of her god With the life-giving dew of sweetest milk. E'en her the lightning spared not Denique quid vesper serus vehat. unde serenas Ventus agat nubes, quid cogitet humidus Auster, Sol tibi signa dabit : Solem quis dicere falsum Audeat? ille etiam csecos instare tumultus Saspe monet, fraudemque, et aperta tumescere bella ; Ille etiam extincto miseratus Caesare Romam Cum caput obscurS, nitidum ferrugine texit Impiaque rcternam timuerunt sajcula noctem, Tempore quanquam illo tellus quoque et aequora ponti, Obsccenique canes, importunaeque volucres Signa dabant : In iron clouds conceal'd the public light, And impious mortals fear'd eternal night. Nor was the fact foretold by him alone, Nature her-elf stood forth and seconded the Sun. Earth, air, and seas with prodigies were sign'd, And birds obscene and howlin g dogs divin'd. What rocks did ^Etna's bellowing mouth expire From her torn entrails, and what floods of fire ! What clanks were heard in German skies afar, Of arms and armies rushing to the war ! Dire earthquakes rent the solid Alps below, And from their summits shook th' eternal snow d to Sol's eastern gate ; Then both the senate and the people's bands, Duly forewarn'd, should see the secret plots Of wicked men, and disappoint their spite. This statue, slowly form'd and long delay 'd, At length by you, when consul, has been placed Upon its holy pedestal ; — 'tis now That the great sceptred Jupiter has graced His column, on a well-appointed hour : And at the self-same moment faction's crimes Blood sprang from wells; wolves howl'd in towns by night; And boding victims did the priests affright. Such peals of thunder never pour'd from high, Nor forky lightnings flash'd from such a sullen sky : Red meteors ran across the ethereal space ; Stars disappear'd, and comets took their place. Which Shakspeare has imitated with reference to the same event : — Cal. Caesar, I never stood on ceremonies, Yet now they fright me : there is one within, Besides the things that we have heard and seen, Recounts most horrid sights seen by the watch : A lioness hath whelped in the streets, And graves have yawn'd and yielded up their dead. Fierce, fiery warriors fight upon the clouds, In ranks and squadrons and right form of war, Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol : The noise of battle hurtled in the air; Horses did neigh, and dying men did groan; And ghosts did shriek and squeak t the streets. O Caesar, these things are beyond all use, And I do fear them When beggars die there are no comets seen ; The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes. Cats. What say the augurers? Serv. They would not have you to stir forth to-day. Plucking the entrails of an offering forth, They could not find a heart within the beast. 1 This refers to the column meant to serve as a pedestal for the statue of Jupiter, mentioned in the second book of this treatise, and also in the second oration against Catiline, as having been ordered in the consulship of Torquatus and Cotta, but not completed till the year of Cicero's consulship. 154 ON DIVINATION. Were by the loyal Gauls reveal'd and shown To the astonish'd multitude and senate. XIII. Well then did ancient men, whose monuments You keep among you, — they who will maintain Virtue and moderation ; by these arts Ruling the lands an<l people subject to them : Well, too, your holy sires, whose spotless faith, And piety, and deep sagacity Have far surpass'd the men of other lands, Worshipp'd in every age the mighty Gods. They with sagacious care these things foresaw, Spending in virtuous studies all their leisure, And in the shady Academic groves, And fair Lyceum : where they well pour'd forth The treasures of their pure and learned hearts. And, like them, you have been by virtue placed, To save your country, in the imminent, breach ; Still with philosophy you soothe your cares, With prudent care dividing all your hours Between the Muses and your country's claims. Will you then be able to persuade your mind to speak against the arguments which I adduce on the subject of divination, you being a man who have performed such exploits as you have done, and who have so admirably com posed those verses which I have just recited 1 What — do you ask me, Carneades, why these things take place in this manner, or by what art it is possible for them to be brought about ? I confess that I do not know ; but that they do happen, I assert that you yourself are a witness. Yes, they happen by chance, you say. Is it so 1 Can anything be done by chance which has in itself all the features of reality ? Four dice when thrown may by chance come up sixes. Do you think that if you were to throw four hundred dice it would be possible for them all to come up sixes by any chance in the world 1 Paints scattered at random on a canvass may by chance represent the features of a human face ; but do you think that you could by any chance scat tering of colours represent the beauty of the Coan Venus'?1 Suppose a pig by burrowing in the ground with his snout were to make the letter A, would you on that account think it possible that the animal should by chance write out the Andromache of Ennius 1 Carneades used to tell a story that 1 This refers to the celebrated picture of Venus Anadyomene, painted by Apelles, who was a native of Cos. ON DIVINATION. 155 in cutting stones in the stone- Troy, as Pacuvius says — Divite me scilicet artium Quas aut Parrhasius protulit aut Scopas, Hie saxo, liquidis ille colorilius Solera nunc hominem nonere mmr. TV « •• • 156 ON DIVIXATION. been concocted and reduced to rules from a frequent obser vation and notice of the same circumstances. XV. But your auspices, how clear — how sure they are the birds (pulli) ate so greedily that the food fell from their mouths, and so rebounded on the ground, which was regarded as a good omen." — Riddle and Arnold, Lat. Diet. ON DIVIXATIOX. 157 the negligence of the college, many auguries and many auspices have been wholly lost and abandoned. XVI. Formerly there was, I may almost say, no ariair of importance, not even if it only related to private business, which was transacted \vithout taking the auspices. And this is proved even now by the Auspices Nuptiarum, who, though the custom has fallen into disuse, still preserve the name. For just as we now consult the entrails of victims, though even that very practice is observed less now than it used to be, so in ancient times, before all transactions of importance, men used to consult birds ; and, therefore, from want of paying proper regard to ill omens, we often run into alarming and destructive dangers : — say more 1 From whence have you received that staff (lituus) of yours, which is the most cele brated ensign of your augurship ? That is the staff with which Komulus parted out the several districts, when he founded the city. And that staff of Romulus, (that is to say, a stick curved and slightly bent forward at the top, which has derived its name from its resemblance to the trumpet (lituus) used in sounding signals,) having been laid up in the meeting-house of the Salii, which was in the Pala tine-eyard into four divisions, and had been directed by the birds to disregard three of the portions, in the fourth division, which remained, he found a grape of most wonderful size, as we find recorded in our books. And when this fact became known, all the neighbours used to consult him on all their affairs, until he. gained a great name and reputation ; in consequence of which kin<r Priscus sent for him. ON DIVINATION. 159 And when he had come to the king, he, wishing to make proof of his skill in augury, told him that he was thinking of something, and asked him whether it could possibly be done. He, having taken an auguiy, answered that it could. But Tarquin said that he had been thinking that it was possible that a whetstone might be cut through by a razor. On this Attius bade him try ; and accordingly a whetstone was brought into the assembly, and, in the sight of king and people, cut through with a razor. And in consequence of this, it happened that Tarquinius always consulted Attius Navius as an augur, and that the people also were used to refer their private affairs to him. And we are told that that whetstone and that razor were buried in the comitium, and that the puteal was built over it. Let us deny everything; let us burn our annals; let us say that all these statements are false s they are (just as those grammarians do who are the interpreters of poets). What proof of sagacity is it, then, to wish to disparage things sanctioned by antiquity, by vile calumnies ? I admit that I cannot discover the cause. Perhaps it lies hid, involved in the obscurity of nature. For God has not int nded me to understand these matters, but only to use them. I will use them, then did not he (as Caius Gracchus, his son, has left recorded in his writings), when two snakes were caught in his house, convoke the soothsayers ? And the answer which they gave him was, that if he let the male escape, his wife would die in a short time have exact records for four hundred and seventy thousand years carefully noted down, and let us decide that they are telling lies, and have no regard as to what the judgment of future ages concerning them will be. Come, then, you vain and deceitful barbarians, has the history of the Greeks likewise spoken falsely? Who is ignorant of the answer (that I may speak at present of natural divination) which the Pythian Apollo gave to Croesus, to the Athenians, the Lacedaemonians, the Tegeans, the Argives, and the Corinthians ? Chrysippus has collected a countless list of oracles — not one without a witness and authority of sufficient weight; but as they are known to you, I will pass them over. This one I will mention and defend. Would that oracle at Delphi have ever been so celebrated and illustrious, and so loaded with such splendid gifts from all nations and kings, if all ages had not had experience of the truth of its predic tions 1 At present, you will say, it has no such reputation. Granted, then, that it has a lower reputation now, because the truth of oracles is less notorious ; let us come to dreams. And Chrysippus discussing them, after collecting many minute instances, does the same that Antipater does when he investigates this subject, and those dreams which were explained according to the interpretation of Antipho, which indeed prove the acuteness of the interpreter, but still are not examples of such importance as to have been worthy of being brought forward. The mother of Dionysius— of that Dionysius, I mean, who was the tyrant of Syracuse, as it is recorded by Philistus, a man of learning and diligence, and who was a contem porary of the tyrant— • 0 daughter of the fair Eurydice, You whom rny father loved, see strength and life Desert my limbs, and leave me helpless all. 1 thought I saw a man of handsome form Seize me, and bear me through the willow groves, Along the river banks and places yet unknown. And then alone, — T tell you true, my sister, — I seem'd to wander, and with tardy steps To seek to trace you, but my efforts fail'd ; While no clear path did guide my doubtful feet. And then, I thought, my father thus address'd me, With evil-boding voice : — sturbed : — Queen Hecuba dream'd — an ominous dream of fate- That she did bear no human child of flesh, But a fierce blazing torch. Priam, alarm'd, Ponder'd with anxious fear the fatal dream ; And sought the gods with smoking sacrifice. Then the diviner's aid he did entreat, With many a prayer to the prophetic god, If haply he might learn the dream's intent. Thus spake Apollo with all-knowing mind :— " The queen shall have a son, who, if he grow To man's estate, shall set ajl Troy in flames— The ruin of his city and his land." Let us grant, then, that these dreams are, as I have said, merely poetic fictions, and let us add the dream of ^Eneas, which Numerius Fabius Pictor relates in his Annals, as one of the same kind; in which ^Eneas is represented as foreseeing, in his trance, all his future exploits and adventures. XXII. But let us come nearer home. What kind of dream was that of Tarquin the Proud, which the poet Accius, m his Tragedy of Brutus, puts into the mouth of Tarquin himself? — Sleep closed my weary eyelids, when a shepherd Brought me two rams. The one 1 sacrificed ; The other rushing at me with wild force Hurl'd me upon the ground. Prostrate I gazed Upon the heavens, when a new prodigy Dazzled my eyes. The flashing orb of day Took a new course, diverging to the right, With all his kindling beams strangely transversed. Of this dream the diviners gave the following interpretation Dreams are in general reflex images Of things that men in waking hours have known s of Cyrus to catch the sun in his hands, signified that he would reign thirty years ; and what they predicted really came to pass ; for he was forty years old when he began to reign, and he reached the age of seventy. Among all barbarous nations, indeed, we meet with proof that they likewise possess the gift of divination and presentiment. The Indian Calanus, when led to execution, said, while ascending the funeral pile, " 0 what a glorious departure from life ! when, as happened to Hercules , after niy body has been consumed by fire, my soul shall depart to a world of light." And when Alexander asked him if he had anything to say to him ; " Yes," replied he, ".we shall soon meet again ;" and this prophecy was soon fulfilled, for a few days afterwards Alexander died in Babylon.' I will quit the subject of dreams for awhile, and return to them presently. On the very night that Olympias was ON DIVINATION. 165 delivered of Alexander, the temple of Diana of the Ephesiaus was burned ead in Plato that Socrates, when he was in the public prison at Athens, said to his friend Crito that he should die in three days, for that he had seen in a dream a woman of extreme beauty who called him by his name, and quoted in his presence this verse of Homer — On the third day you'll reach the fruitful Phthia." 1 And it is said that it happened just as it had been foretold. Again, what a man, and how great a man, is Xenophon the pupil of Socrates ! He, too, in his account of that war in which he accompanied the younger Cyrus, relates the dreams which he saw, the accomplishment of which was marvellous. Shall we then say that Xenophon was a liar or dotard ? What shall we say, too, of Aristotle, a man of singular and almost divine genius? Was he deceived himself, or does he wish others to be deceived, when he informs us that Eudemus of Cyprus, his own intimate friend, on his way to Macedonia, came to Pherae, a celebrated city of Thessaly, 1 Horn. II. ix. 363 :— "Hfjari Kfv rpirdrca $0ii)v tpi$ta\ov IKO(U.TIV. ON DIVINATION. 167 which was then under the cruel sway of the tyrant Alexander. In that town he was seized with a severe illness, so that he was given over by all the physicians, when he beheld in a dream a young man of extreme beauty, who informed him that in a short time he should recover, and also the tyrant Alexander would die in a few days; and that Eudemus himself would, after five years' absence, at length return home. Aristotle relates that the first two predictions of this dream were immediately accomplished ; for Eudemus speedily recovered, and the tyrant perished at the hands of his wife's brother ; and that towards the end of the fifth year, when, in consequence of that dream, there was a hope that he would return into Cyprus from Sicily, they heard that he had been slain in a battle near Syracuse ; from which it appeared that his dream was susceptible of being interpreted as meaning, that when the soul of Eudemus had quitted his body, it would then appear to have signified the return home. To the philosophers we may add the testimony of Scpho- cles, a most learned man, and as a poet quite divine, who, when a golden goblet of great weight had been stolen from the temple of Hercules, saw in a dream the god himself appearing to him, and declaring who was the robber. Sopho cles paid no attention to this vision, though it was repeated more than once. When it had presented itself to him several times, he proceeded up to the court of Areopagus, and laid the matter before them. On this, the judges issued an order for the arrest of the offender nominated by Sophocles. On the application of the torture the criminal confessed his guilt, and restored the goblet ; from which event this temple of Hercules was afterwards called the temple of Hercules the Indicate . XXVI. But why do I continue to cite the Greeks? when, somehow or other, I feel more interest in the examples of my ellow-countrymen. All our historians, — n appeared a second time, and warned him not to provoke him to exert his power. Even then he could not summon courage to obey, and presently his son died. After this, the same admonition was repeated in his dreams for the third time. Then the peasant himself became extremely ill, and related the cause of his trouble to his friends, by whose advice he was carried on a litter to the senate-house Two Arcadians, who were in timate friends, were travelling together, and arriving at Megara, one of them took up his quarters at an inn, the ON DIVINATIOX. 169 other at a friend's house. After supper, when they had both gone to bed, the Arcadian, who was staying at his friend's house, saw an apparition of his fellow-traveller at the inn, who prayed him to come to his assistance immediately, as the innkeeper was going to murder him. Alarmed at this intimation, he started from his sleep; but on recollection, thinking it nothing but an idle dream, he lay down again. Presently, the apparition appeared to him again in his sleep, and entreated him, though he would not come to his as sistance while yet alive, at least not to leave his death unavenged. He told him further, that the innkeeper had first murdered him, and then cast him into a dungcart, where he lay covered with filth as I slept, that I saw you riding on horseback till you reached the banks of a great river, and that you were suddenly thrown off and precipitated into the waters, and so disappeared. At this I trembled exceedingly, being overcome with fear and apprehension. But suddenly you reappeared before me with a joyful countenance, and, with the same horse, ascended the opposite bank, and then we embraced each other. It is easy to conjecture the signification of such a dream as this about the second hour of the day, you related to Sallust the following dream : — ; but as it is, from our being over charged with wine and luxuries, all our perceptions become troubled and confused. Consider what Socrates, in the Republic of Plato, says on this subject. " When," says he, " that part of the soul which is capable of intelligence and reason is subdued and reduced to languor, then that part in which there is a species of ferocity and OX DIVINATION. 171 uncivilized savageness being excited by immoderate eating and drinking, exults in our sleep and wantons about unre strainedly ; and therefore all kinds of visions present them selves to it, such as are destitute of all sense or reason, in which we appear to be giving ourselves up to incest and all kinds of bestiality, or to be committing bloody murders, and massacres, and all kinds of execrable deeds, with a triumphant defiance of all prudence and decency. But in the case of a man who is accustomed to a sober and regular life, when he commits himself to sleep, then that part of his soul which is the seat of intellect and reason is still active and awake, being replenished with a banquet of virtuous thoughts d is very flatulent, and contrary to that tranquillity of mind which a truth-seeking spirit should possess. 172 ON DIVINATION. When, therefore, the mind is thus separated from the society and contagion of the body, it recollects things past, examines things present, and anticipates things to come. For the body of one who is asleep lies like that of one who is dead, -while the spirit is full of vitality and vigour. And it will be yet more so after death, when it will have got rid of the body altogether; and therefore we _ see that even on the approach of death it becomes much more divine. For it often happens that those who are attacked by a severe and mortal malady, foresee that their death is at hand. And in this state they often behold ghosts and phantoms of the dead. Then they are more than ever anxious about their reputations; and they who have lived otherwise than as they ought, then most especially repent of their sins. And that the dying are often possessed of the gift of divi nation, Posidonius confirms by that notorious example of a certain Rhodian who, being on his death-bed, named six of his contemporaries, saying which of them would die first, which second, which, next to him, and so on. There are, he imagines, besides this, three ways in which men dream under the immediate impulse of the Gods : one, when the mind intuitively perceives things by the relation which it bears to the Gods ; the second, arising from the fact of the air being full of immortal spirits, in whom all the signs of truth are, as it were, stamped and visible ; the third, when the Gods themselves converse with sleepers, — ; and dogs are called sagacioiis. Whoever, therefore, say it (knows) before the event has come ON DIVINATION. 173 to pass, is said prcesagire (to have the power of knowing the future beforehand). There exists, therefore, in the mind a presentiment, which strikes the soul from without, and which is enclosed in the soul by divine operation. If this becomes very vivid, it is termed frenzy, as happens when the soul, being abstracted from the body, is stirred up by a divine inspiration. • What sudden transport fires my virgin soul ! Jly mother, oh, my mother ! — dearest name Of all dear names ! But oh, my breast is full Of divination and impending fates, While dread Apollo with his mighty impulse Urges me onward. Sisters, my sweet sisters ! I grieve to anticipate the coming fate Of our most royal parents. You are all More filial and more dutiful than I. I only am enjoin'd this cruel task, To utter imminent ruin. You do serve them ; I injure them ; and your obedience Shines well, set-off by my disloyal rage.1 0 what a tender, moral, and delicate poem ! though the beauty of it does not affect the question. What I wish to prove is, that that frenzy often predicts what is true and real. I see the blazing torch of Troy's last doom, Fire, and massacre, and death. Arm, citizens ! Bring aid and quench the flames. In the following lines, it is not so much Cassandra who speaks, as the Deity enclosed in human form : — Already is the fleet prepared to sail ; It bears destruction — rapidly it speeds namely, that the souls of men are partly inspired and agitated from without. By which he meant to say, that there is in the exterior world a sort of divine soul, whence the human soul is derived ; and that that portion of the human soul which is the fountain of sensation, motion, and appetite, is not separate from the action of the body ; but that portion which partakes of reason and intelligence is then most ener getic, when it is most completely abstracted from the body. Therefore, after having recounted veritable instances of presentiments and dreams, Cratippus used to sum up his conclusions in this manner :-— " If," he would say, "the exist ence of the eyes is necessary to the existence and operation of the function of sight, though the eyes may not be always exercising that function, still he who has once made use of his eyes so as to see correctly, is possessed of eyes capable of the sensation of correct sight : just so if the function and gift of divination cannot exist without the exercise of divination, and yet a man who has this gift may sometimes err in its ON DIVI.VATION. 175 exercise, and not foresee correctly ; then it is sufficient to prove the existence of divination, that some event should have been once so correctly divined that none of its circum stances appear to have happened fortuitously. And as a multitude of such events have occurred, the existence of divination ought not to be doubted. XXXIII. But as to those divinations which are explained by conjecture, or by the observation of events; these, as I have said before, are not of the natural, but artificial order ! At the same time, at Thebes (as Callisthenes relates), the folding-doors in the temple of Hercules, which were closed with bars, opened of their own accord, and the armour which was suspended on the walls was found fallen to the ground. And at the same period, at Lebadia, where divine rites were being performed in honour of Trophonius, all the cocks in the neighbourhood began to crow so incessantly as never to leave off at all day, if the chickens still refused to feed ? He replied that in that case he must still rest quiet. " Fine auspices, indeed," replied Flaminius, " if we may only fight when the chickens are hungry, but must do nothing if they are full." And so he commanded the standards to be moved forward, and the army to follow him ; on which occasion, the standard-bearer of the first battalion could not extricate his standard from the ground in which it was pitched, and several soldiers who endeavoured to assist him were foiled in the attempt. Flaminius, to whom they related this incident, despised the warning, as was usual with him cted that he would become exceedingly rich, as indeed afterwards happened. While Plato was an infant in his cradle, a swarm of bees settled on his lips during his slumbers ; and the diviners answered that he would become extremely eloquent ; and this prediction of his future eloquence was made before he even knew how to speak. DE NAT. ETC. N 178 ON DIVINATION. Why should I speak of your dear and delightful friend, Roscius 1 Did he tell lies himself, or did the whole city of Lanuvium tell lies for him ? When he was in his cradle at Solonium, where he was being brought up, — (a place which belongs to the Lanuvian territory.) — an influence which they not only inclose in the caverns of the earth, but sometimes extend to the constitutions of men. For it was this divine influence of the earth which inspired the Pythia at Delphi, while the Sibyl received her power of divination from nature. Why should we wonder at this 1 Do we not see how various are the species and specific properties of earths 1 — of which some parts are injurious, as the earth of Amp- sanctus in Hirpinum, and the Plutonian land in Asia : and some portions of the soil of the fields are pestilential, others salubrious ; some spots produce acute capacities, others heavy characters. All which things depend on the varieties of atmosphere, and are inequalities of the exhalations of the different soils. It likewise often happens that minds are affected more or less powerfully by certain expressions of countenance, and certain tones of voice and modulations, — often also by fits of anxiety and terror — a condition indicated in these lines of the poet : — Madden'd in heart, and weeping like as one By the mysterious rites of Bacchus wrought Into wild ecstasy, she wanders lone Amid the tombs, and mourns her Teucer lost. XXXVII. And this state of excitement also proves that there is a divine energy in human souls. And so Democritus ON DIVINATION. 17!) asserts, that without something of this ecstasy no man can become a great poet ; and Plato utters the same sentiment Such an apparition is said to have occurred to Bren- ims, and to his Gallic troops, when he was waging an impious war upon the temple of Apollo at Delphi. For on that occa sion it is reported that the Pythian priestess pronounced these words : — If there are Gods, and they do not intimate future events to men, they either do not love men, or they are ignorant of the future ; or else they conceive that know ledge of the future can be of no service to men ; or they con ceive that it does not become their majesty to condescend to intimate beforehand what must be hereafter; or lastly, we must say that even the Gods themselves cannot tell how to forewarn us of them. But it is not true that the Gods do not love men, for they N2 180 ON DIVINATION. are essentially benevolent and philanthropic ; and they cannot be ignorant of those events which take place by their own direction and appointment. Again, it cannot be a matter of indifference to us to be apprised of what is about to happen, for we shall become more cautious if we do know such things. Nor do they think it beneath their dignity to give such inti mations, for nothing is more excellent than beneficence. And lastly, the Gods cannot be ignorant of future events. There fore there are no Gods, and they do not give intimations of the future. But there are Gods : so therefore they do give such intimations ; and if they do give such intimations, they must have given us the means of understanding them, or else they would give their information to no purpose. And if they do give us such means, divination must needs exist; therefore divination does exist. XXXIX. Such is the argument in favour of divination by which Chrysippus, Diogenes, and Antipater endeavour to demonstrate their side of the question. Why, then, should any doubt be entertained that the arguments that I have advanced are entirely true? If both reason and fact are on my side, — if whole nations and peoples, Greeks and barbarians, and our own ancestors also, confirm all my assertions, — They hire out their prophecies for gold : no . XLI. And this kind of divination has not been neglected even by barbarous nations ; for the Druids in Gaul are diviners, among whom I myself have been acquainted with Divitiacus vEduus, your own friend and panegyrist, who pretends to the science of nature which the Greeks call physiology, and who asserts that, partly by auguries and partly by conjecture, he foresees future events. Among the Persians they have augurs and diviners, called magi, who at certain seasons all assemble in a temple for mutual conference and consultation who have never undertaken any martial enter prise without inspection of the entrails, and who never con duct the affairs of the city without consulting the auspices, — the same condition at Capua, and when the hermaphrodite was born, — were not these things significant of horrible dis asters? Or again, when the Tiber was discoloured writh blood, or when, as has often happened, showers of stones, or sometimes of blood, or of mud, or of milk, have fallen, — when the thunder bolt fell on the Centaur of the Capitol, and struck the gates of Mount Aventine, and slew some of the inhabitants; or again, when it struck the temple of Castor and Pollux at Tusculum, and the temple of Piety at Rome, — did not the soothsayers in reply announce the events which subsequently took place, and were not similar predictions found in the Sibylline volumes'? XLIV. How often has the senate commanded the decemvirs to consult the Sibylline books! In what important affairs, and how often has it not been guided wholly by the answers of the soothsayers ! In the Marsic war, not long ago, the temple of Juno the Protectress was restored by the senate, which was excited to this holy act by a dream of Csccilia, the daughter of Quintus Metellus. But after Sisenna, who men tions this dream, had related the wonderful correspondence of the event with the prediction, he nevertheless (being influ enced, I suppose, by some Epicurean) proceeded to argue that dreams should never be trusted of the Veientes, which they had in their own possession, that their city could never be captured while the lake remained full ; and that if, when the lake was opened, its waters were allowed to run into the sea, the .Romans would suffer loss, — ; of which, among others, we have two notable examples, — ; " and when they announced any holidays, they commanded that all lawsuits and quarrels should be suspended. Likewise, wheu the chief who forms a colony makes a lustration and review of it, or when a general musters an army, or a censor the people, they always choose those who have lucky names to prepare the sacrifices. The consuls in their military enrol ments likewise take care that the first soldier enrolled shall be one with a fortunate name willingly resign my seat to you." And this reply of hers was an omen, confirmed by the event, for Ceecilia died soon after, and her niece married her aunt's husband. I know that men may despise such stories, or even laugh at them, but such conduct amounts to a disbelief in the 188 ON DIVINATION. existence of the Gods themselves, and to a contempt of their revealed will. XLVII. Why need I speak of the augurs 1 — of my argument? —mulus was himself an augur as well as his brother Remus, if we may trust the authority of Ennius, — Both wish'd to reign, arid both agreed to abide The fair decision of the augury Here Remus sat alone, and watch 'd for signs Of fav'ring omen, while fair Eomulus On the Aventine summit raised his eyes To see what lofty flying birds should pass. A goodly contest which should rule, and which With his own name should stamp the future city. Now like spectators in the circus, till The consul's signal looses from the goal The eager chariots, so the obedient crowd Awaited the strife's victor and their king. The golden sun departed into night, And the pale moon shone with reflected ray, When on the left a joyful bird appear'd, And golden Sol brought back the radiant day. Twelve holy forms of Jove-, from prodigies, and from the stars, are founded on the accurate observation of many centuries. Now it is certain, that a long course of careful observation, thus carefully conducted for a series of ages, usually brings with it an incredible accuracy of knowledge ; and this can exist even without the inspiration of the Gods, when it has been once ascertained by constant obser vation what follows after each omen, and what is indicated by each prodigy. The other kind of divination is natural, as I have said 190 ON DIVINATION. before, and may by physical subtlety of reasoning appeal- divine inspiration, but from human reason ; for from a contemplation of nature, they anticipate things to come, — as deluges of water, and the future deflagration, at some time or other, of heaven and earth. There are others who, being concerned in the government of states, as we have heard of the Athenian Solon, foresee the rise of new tyrannies. Such we usually term prudent men ; like Thales the Milesian, who, wishing to convict his slanderers, and to show that even a philosopher could make money, if he should be so inclined, bought up all the olive-trees in Miletus before they were in flower; for he had probably, by some knowledge of his own, calculated that there would be a heavy crop of olives. And Thales is said to have been the first man by whom an eclipse of the sun was ever predicted, which happened under the reign of Astyages. L. Physicians, pilots, and husbandmen have likewise pre sentiments of many events : but I do not choose to call this divination : — Ah, see you not the vengeance apt to come, Because a mortal has presumed to judge Between three rival goddesses'? — he's doom'd To fall a victim to the Spartan dame, More dreadful than all furies. Many things have in the same way been predicted by pro phets, and not only in ordinary language, but also In verses which the fauns of olden times And white-; and as it would have been in vain for her to have bestowed seeds and fruits upon men, if she had not taught them to distinguish and cultivate them, — for what use would any materials whatsoever be to us, if we had no means of working them up? — unworthy of the majesty of the Gods, and an incredible im possibility. They maintain that from the beginning of the world it has been ordained that certain signs must needs precede certain events, some of which are drawn from the entrails of animals, some from the note and flight of birds, some from the sight of lightning, some from prodigies, some from stars, some from visions of dreamers, and some from exclamations of men in frenzy : so that any given characteristic may be found excessive or defective in the animal's body. For by very trifling exertions nature can alter, or new-model, or diminish many things. And the prodigies which happened a little before Caesar's death are of great weight in preventing iis from doubting this, — when on that very day on which he first sat on the golden throne and went forth clad in a purple robe, when he was sacrificing, no heart was found in the intestines of the fat ox. Do you then suppose that any warm-ce at the very instant that the sacrifice is offered. LI that he possessed a certain divinity, which he called a demon, and to which he was always obedient, — a genius which never com pelled him to action, but often deterred him from it. The same Socrates (and where can we find a better authority ?) being consulted by Xenophon, whether he should follow Cyrus to the wars, gave him his counsel, and then added these words, — namely, that when he had been condemned by the sentence of impious men, he said, he was prepared to die with the most perfect equanimity nly a few well-authenticated cases of presentiment and prophecies could be discovered ; whereas, in truth, there are many. I will even declare without hesi tation, that a single instance of presage and prediction, all the points of which are borne out by subsequent events — and that definitely and regularly, not casually and fortuitously — would suffice to compel an admission of the reality of divi nation from all reasonable minds. It appears to me, moreover, that we should refer all the virtue and power of divination to the Divinity, as Posi- donius has done, as before observed; in the next place to Fate, and afterwards to the nature of things. For reason compels us to admit that by Fate all things take place. By Fate I mean that which the Greeks call ei/mp^e'i'^, that is, a certain order and series of causes — for cause linked to caiise produces all things : and in this connexion of cause consists the constant truth which flows through all eternity. From whence it follows that nothing happens which is not pre destined to happen ; and in the same way nothing is predes tined to happen, the nature of which does not contain the efficient causes of its happening. From which it must be understood that fate is not a mere superstitious imagination, but is what is called, in the lan guage of natural philosophy, the eternal cause of things condition and colour it is possible to determine the salubrity or pestilential state of the atmo sphere, and sometimes even what is likely to be the fertility or sterility of the earth. And if careful observation and practice recognise these rules as proceeding from nature, then every day might bring us many examples which might deserve notice and remark; so that the natural philosopher whom Pacuvius introduces in his Chryses, seems to me very ignorant of the nature of things, wlien he says, — OX DIVINATION. 199 All those who understand the speech of birds And hearts of victims better than their own, May be just listen'd to, but not obey'd. Why should he make such a remark here, when a little after he speaks thus plainly in a contrary sense 1 — Whatever God may be, 'tis he who forms, Preserves and nurtures all. Unto himself Ho back absorbs all beings, — evermore The universal Sire,— mposturous interpreter Of dreams. All these are but false conjurors, Who have no skill to read futurity, They are but hypocrites, urged on by hunger nd prolonged cogitation, by what means I might serve as many persons as possible, so as never to cease from doing service to my country, no better method has occurred to me than that of instructing my fellow- I have explained what most conduces to render life happy. In the first, I treat of the contempt of death ; in the second, of the endurance of pain and sorrow ; in the third, of mitigating melancholy; in the fourth, of the other perturbations of the mind; and in the fifth, I elaborate that most glorious of all philosophic doctrines — the all-sufficiency of virtue ly connected with philosophy, and one which has been richly elaborated by Plato, Aristotle, Theo- phrastus, and the whole tribe of the Peripatetics. I must not forget to mention my Essay on Consolation, which afforded me myself no inconsiderable comfort, and will, I trust, be of some benefit to others. Besides this, I lately wrote a work on Old Age, which I addressed to Atticus s. By their eagerness for reading what I write, my ambition for writing is from day to day more vehe- 202 ON DIVINATION. mently excited. And indeed such individuals are far more numerous than I could have imagined. A magnificent thing- it will be, and glorious indeed for the Romans, when they shall no longer find it necessary to resort to the Greeks for philosophical literature. And this desideratum I shall cer tainly effect for them, if I do but succeed in accomplishing my design. To the undertaking of explaining philosophy I was origi nally prompted by disastrous circumstances of the state. For during the civil wars I could not defend the common wealth by professional exertions; while at the same time I could not remain inactive. And yet I could not find anything worthy of myself for me to undertake. My fellow-citizens, therefore, will pardon me, or rather will thank me; because when Rome had become the property of one man. I neither concealed myself, nor deserted them, nor yielded to grief, nor conducted myself like a politician indignant at either an individual or the times, — nor played the part of a flatterer of, or courtier to, the power of another, so as to be ashamed of myself. For from Plato and philosophy I had learnt this lesson, that certain revolutions are natural to all republics, which alternately come under the power of monarchs, and democracies, and aiistocracies. And when this fate had befallen our own Commonwealth, then, being deprived of my customary employments, I applied myself anew to the study of philosophy, doing so both to alleviate my own sorrow for the calamities of the state, and also in the hope of serving my fellow-countrymen by rny writings. And thus in my books I continued to plead and to harangue, and took the same care to advance the interests of philosophy as I had before to promote the cause of the Republic. Now, however, since I am again engaged in the affairs of government, I must devote my attention to the state, or I should rather say, all my labours and cares must be occupied about that ; and I shall only be able to give to philosophy whatever little leisure I can steal from public business and public employments. Of these matters, however, I shall find a better occasion to speak; let me now return to the subject of divination. For when my brother Quintus had concluded his arguments on the subject of divination, con tained in the preceding book, and we had walked enough to ON DIVINATION. 203 satisfy us, we sat down in my library, which, as I before noticed, is in my Lyceum. III. Then I said, — njuror, but the physician 's he who guesses best. Will, then, a soothsayer conjecture what sort of weather is OX DIVINATION. 205 coming better than a pilot? or will he divine the character of an illness more acutely than a doctor ? or the proper way to carry on a war better than a general '? But I observe, 0 Quintus, that you have pnidently dis tinguished the topics of divination from those matters which lie within the sphere of art and skill, and from those which are perceived by the observation of the senses, or by any system. You have denned it thus : — atus. And yet these atmospheric phenomena are fortuitous fore, is a foreknowledge of events which depend on fortune. VI. But can there be a just presentiment of those things which do not admit of any rational conjecture to explain why they will happen? For what do we mean when we say a thing happens by chance, or fortune, or hazard, or accident, but that something has happened or taken place wnich might 206 ON DIVINATION. never have happened or taken place at all, or -which might have happened or taken place in a different manner ? Now how can that be fairly foreseen or predicted which thus takes place by chance, and the mere caprice of fortune ? It is by reason that the physician foresees that a malady will increase, a pilot that a tempest will descend, and a general that the enemy will make certain diversions. And yet these men, who have generally good reasons on which their opinions respecting relative probabilities are founded, are themselves often deceived. As when the husbandman sees his olive-; at present I dwell only on the general argument. How can it be fore seen that anything will happen which has neither any as signable cause, or mark, to show why it will happen 1 The eclipses of the sun and moon are predicted for a series of many years before they happen, by those who make regular calculations of the courses and motions of the stars. They only foretell that which the invariable order of natuie will necessarily bring about. For they perceive that in the un-ct are the approach of events of this kind indicated 1 If these events, and others of the same kind, happen by any kind of neces sity, then what is there that we can suppose to be brought about by chance or fortune 1 For nothing is so opposite to regularity and reason as this same fortune a certain time what, chance can there be in anything 1 And if there is no such thing as chance, what becomes of your definition of divination, which you have called "a pre sentiment of fortuitous events'?" although you said that everything which happened, or which was about to happen, depended on fate. [Nevertheless, a great deal is said on this subject of fate by the Stoics. But of this elsewhere. To return to the question at issue. If all things happen by fate, what is the use of divination 1 VIII. For that which he who divines predicts, will truly come to pass ; so that I do not know what character to affix to that circumstance of an eagle making our friend King Deiotaris renounce his journey; when, if he had not turned back, he would have slept in a chamber which fell down in the ensuing night, and have been crushed to death in the ruins. For if his death had been decreed by fate, he could not have avoided it by divination ; therefore there is no such thing as divination. If fate had determined, that in the second Punic war the army of the Komans should be defeated near the lake Thra- simenus, then could this event have been avoided, even if Flaminius the consul had been obedient to those signs f and those auspices which forbade him to engage in battle '? Cer tainly it might. Either, then, the army did not perish by fate — for the fates cannot be changed, — or if it did perish by fate (as you are bound to assert), then, even if Flaminius had obeyed the auspices, he must still have been defeated. Where, then, is the divination of the Stoics 1 which is of no use to us whatever to warn us to be more prudent, if all things happen by destiny. For do what we will, that which is fated to happen, must happen. On the other hand, what ever event may be averted is not fated. There is, there fore, no divination, since this appertains to things which are certain to happen ; therefore the end which they met with was not in evitably ordained by fate. For you insist upon it that all things happen by fate, therefore divination would have availed them nothing. It would even have deprived them of all enjoy ment in the earlier part of their lives ; for what gratification could they have enjoyed if they had been always thinking of their end I Therefore, to whatever argument the Stoics resort in defence of divination, their ingenuity is always baffled. For if that which is to happen may happen in different mode;-, then, indeed, fortune may have great power unter the most formidable arguments of your cause. XI. For you say that there exist two kinds of divination, —when disengaged from the senses and from cares by sleep. But you suppose that all divination is derived from three things — God, Fate, and Nature. But as you could give no sound explanation, you laboured to confirm it by a wonderful multitude of imaginary examples, concerning which you must permit me to say, that a philosopher ought not to use evidences which may be true through accident, or false and fictitious through malice. It behoves you to show, by reason and argument, why each circtim- can such observations have been continued 1 What conferences must the augurs hold among themselves to determine which part of the victim's entrails represents the enemy, and which the people e of things, one so beautiful, and so admirably diffused throughout every part and motion, and (I will not say) the gall of the cock, (though that, indeed, is said by many to be the most significant of all signs,) but the liver, or heart, or lungs of a fat bullock 1 Can such things possibly teach us the hidden mysteries of futurity? XIII. Democritus, speaking as a natural philosopher, than which no class of men are more arrogant, on this subject, trifles ingeniously enough. Man, who knows not the common facts of earth, Must waste his time in star- indication can we draw from the state and colour of the entrails'? Does this at all resemble the indications from which that Pherecydes, in a case which you have cited, predicted the approach of an earthquake from the drying up of a spring? It required a little confidence, I think, after the earthquake had taken place, to presume to say what power had produced it t are but one whole ; still what correspondence can there be between the order of the universe and the discovery of a treasure? For if an increase of my wealth is indicated by the entrails of a victim, and this fact is a necessary link in the chain of nature, then it follows, in the first place, that we must suppose that the entrails themselves form other links; and secondly, that my private gain is connected with the nature of things. Are not the natural philosophers ashamed to say such things as these? For, although there may be some connexion in the nature of things, which I admit to be possible, — (for the Stoics have collected many cases which they think confirm the notion, as when they assert that the little livers of little mice increase in winter, and that dry pennyroyal flourishes in the coldest weather, and that the distended vesicles, in which the seeds of its berries are contained, then burst asunder; that the chords of a stringed instrument at times give notes different from their usual ones; that oysters and other shell-fish increase and decrease with the growth and waning of the moon ; and that trees lose their vitality as the moon declines, just as they dry up in winter, and that this is the time to\cut them. Why need I speak of the seas, and the tides of the ocean, the flow and ebb of which are said to be governed by the moon ? and many other examples might be related to prove that some natural connexion subsists between objects appa rently remote and incongruous. XV. Let us grant this, for it does not in the least make against our argument ;) — n was unanswerable, but see how cleverly you get over it. I do not blame you for this, I rather commend your memory. But I am ashamed of Antipater, Chrysippus, and Posidonius, who all assert the same proposition — ad come and go at the instant just to accommodate the individual who offers the sacrifice 1 Do you not perceive that there must be considerable chance in the choice of the victim 1 and in fact the thing speaks for itself, that this must be the case. For when one ill-t its heart could vanish so suddenly, nobody knows whither? For myself, I know not how much vigour in a heart is necessary to carry on the vital function, and suspect that if afflicted by any disease, the heart of a victim may be found so withered, and wasted, and small, as to be quite unlike a heart. But on what argument can you build an opinion that the heart of this same fat bullock, if it existed in him before, disappeared at the instant of immola- ON DIVINATION. 215 lion? Did the bullock behold Ceesar in a heartless condition even while arrayed in the purple, and thus lose its own heart by mere force of sympathy? Believe me, you are betraying the city of philosophy while defending its castles. In trying to prove the truth of the auguries, you are overturning the whole system of physics. A victim has a heart, and head of the liver romise good fortune by the second that they may avoid destruction from the fall of either. These deities, it seems, possess bodies like ourselves, though I cannot find that they make any use of them. Epicurus therefore, who, by a roundabout argument of this kind, takes away the Gods, naturally feels no hesitation in taking away divination also. But though he is consistent with himself, the Stoics are not ; for as the God of Epicurus never troubles himself with any business, either regarding himself or others; he, therefore, cannot grant divination to men. On the other hand, the God of the Stoics, even though lie does not grant divination, must still regulate the affairs of the universe and take care of mankind. Why, then, do you involve yourself in these dilemmas which you can never disentangle ? For this is the way in which, when they are in a hurry, they usually sum up the matter- — a If there are Gods, there must be divination; but there are gods, therefore there is divination." It would be much more plausible to say — " There is no divination, there fore there are no Gods." Observe how imprudently the Stoics make this assertion, that if there is no divination, there are no Gods ; for divination is plainly discarded, and yet we must retain a belief in Gods. XVIII. After having thus destroyed divination by the in spection of entrails, all the rest of the science of the sooth sayers is at an end ; at present we will confine ourselves to lightning. XIX. What can be less proper for natural philosophers to say, than that anything certain is indicated by things which are uncertain 1 I cannot believe that you are one of those who imagine that there were Cyclopes in mount ^Etna who forged Jove's thunderbolt, for it would be wonderful indeed if Jupiter should so often throw it away when he had but one. Nor would he warn men by his thunderbolts what they should do or what thoy should avoid. For the opinion of the Stoics on this point is, that the exhalations of the earth which are cold, when they begin to flow abroad, become winds ; and when they form themselves into clouds, and begin to divide and break up their fine particles by repeated and vehement gusts, then thunder and lightning ensue ; and that when by the conflict of the clouds the heat is squeezed out so as to emit itself, then there is lightning. Can we, then, look for any intimation of futurity in a thing which we see brought about by the mere force of nature, without any regularity or any determined pei'iods 1 If Jupiter wished that we should form divinations by lightnings, would he throw away so many flashes in vain ] For what good does he do when he throws a thunderbolt into the middle of the sea, or upon lofty mountains, which is very common, or upon deserts, or in the countries of those nations among which no meteorological observations are made ] Oh ! but a head was discovered in the Tybcr. As if I 218 ON DIVINATION. affirmed that those soothsayers had no skill ! What I deny is only their divination. For the distribution of the firma ment, which we have just mentioned, and their various observations, enable them to note the direction from which the lightning has proceeded, and where it falls. But no reason can inform us of its signification. XX. You will, however, urge against me my own verses — The father of the Gods who reigns supreme On high Olympus, smote his proper fane, And hurl'd his lightnings through the heart of Rome. At the same time the statue of Natta and the images of the Gods, and Romulus and Remus, with that of the beast who was nursing them, were struck by the thunderbolt and thrown down sake of contradiction, and only seek from you yourself information respecting all the prin ciples of the art of soothsaying. But you have involved yourself in an inextricable dilemma; for foreseeing that you would be hard pressed, when I should urge you to explain the cause of every divination, you made many excuses to show why, when you were sure of the fact, you did not inquire into its principles and causes, — rted upon. But as to the statue of Natta and the tables of the law which were struck by lightning, what observations were made, or what was there ancient connected with the matter 1 The Pinarii Nattse are noble, therefore danger was to be feared from the nobility. This was a very cunning device of Jupiter ! Romulus, represented by the sculptor as sucking a she-; but I do not know that it was, and wish to be instructed by you. For when some things appeared to me to have happened by chance in the way in which the sooth sayers had predicted, you launched out into a long discourse on the doctrine of chances, saying that four dice thrown at hazard may produce Venus by accident, but that four hundred dice cannot produce a hundred Venuses. In the first place, I know no reason in the nature of things why they should not do even this ry is almost necessary. But we have spoken enough on this topic ishment exactly the reverse of the prediction 1 In this last Civil War, for instance — good Heavens ! how often were their responses utterly falsified by the result ! How many false prophecies were sent to us from Rome into Gi'eece ! How many oracles in favour of Pompey ! For that general was not a little affected by entrails and prodigies. I have no wish to recount these things to you, nor indeed is it necessary, for you were present. But you see that nearly all the events took place in the manner exactly contrary to the predictions. So much for responses. Let us now say a word or two on prodigies. XXV. You have mentioned several things on this topic which I wrote during my consulship. You have brought up many of those anecdotes collected by Sisenna before the Mar-divina- ON DIVINATION. ]i26 tion depends, the opinions of men differ so much from each other that they often make very opposite deductions from the same thing. For as in legal suits, the plea of the plaintiff is contrary to that of the defendant, and yet both are within the limits of credibility, — y were crowing, and they had not conquered. You say that this was a prodigy. It would have been a prodigy, and a very great one, if the crowing had pro ceeded from fishes instead of birds. But what hour is there of day, or of night, when cocks do not crow 1 and if they are sometimes excited to crow by their joy in victory, they may likewise be excited to do the same by some other kind of joy. Democritus, indeed, states a very good reason why cocks crow before the dawn ; for, as the food is then driven out of their stomachs, and distributed over their whole body and digested, they utter a crowing, being satiated with rest. But in the silence of the night, says Ennius, " they indulge their throats, which are hoarse with crowing, and give their wings repose." As, then, this animal is so much inclined to crow of its own accord, what made it occur to Callisthenes to assert that the Gods had given the cocks a signal to - 6 ON DIVINATIOX. Of which conjecture Homer makes Agamemnon1 speak thus, if I may repeat you a translation of the passage which. I made in a leisure hour : — XXX. Not for their grief the Grecian host I blame ; But vanqui.sh'd ! baffled ! oh, eternal shame ! Expect the time to Troy's destruction giv'n, And try the faith of Calchas and of heav'n. What pass'd at Aulis, Greece can witness bear, And all who live to breathe this Phrygian air, Beside a fountain's sacred brink was raised Our verdant altars, and the victims blazed ; ('Twas where the plane-was it that Calchas selected sparrows, in which there is nothing supernatural, for the signs of his prophecy 1 while he is silent about the serpent, which 1 This is a mistake of Cicero's. It is Ulysses who speaks. The pas sage occurs Iliad ii. 299 — ; which, when they have taken place, are brought under conjecture by some particular interpretation, as in the case of the grain of wheat found in the mouth of Midas while an infant, or that of the bees, which are said to have settled on the lips of the infant Plato. Such things are less admirable for themselves than for the conjectures they gave rise to ; for they may either not have taken place at the time specified, or have been fulfilled by mere accident. I likewise suspect the truth of the report which you have related respecting Roscius — there is surely nothing very astonishing in that. Also, that the standard of the first centurion could not easily be pulled out of the earth. Perhaps the standard-ned without some motion or impulse ; but why need we impute such motion to the Gods rather than call it an accident1? XXXII. At Delphi, you say, that a chaplet of wild herbs suddenly appeared growing on the head of Lysander's statue. Do you think then that the chaplet of herbs existed before any seed was ripened 1 These seeds were probably carried there by birds, not by human agency, and whatever is on a head may seem to resemble a crown. And as to the circum stance which you add, that about the same time the golden stars of Castor and Pollux, placed in the temple of Delphi, suddenly vanished, and could nowhere be discovei'ed for the safety of the citadel and the city, but solely for the benefit of the suburban district. A short time afterwards, a voice was heard, warning cer tain individuals to beware lest Rome should be taken by the Gauls; and upon this they consecrated an altar on the New Road, to Aius the Speaker. What, then, did this Aius the Speaker speak and talk, and derive his name from that cir- ON DIVINATION. 229 cumstance, when no one knew him ; and has he been silent ever since he has had an habitation, an altar, and a name 1 And the same remark will apply to Juno the Admonitress; for what warning has she ever given us, except the one respecting the full sow 1 XXXIII. This is enough to say about prodigies. Let me now speak of auspices and of lots — those, I mean, which are thrown at hazard, not those which are announced by vati cination, which we more properly call oracles, and which we shall discuss when we investigate divination of the natural order; and after this we will consider the astrology of the Chaldeans. But first let us consider the question of auspices. It is a very delicate matter for an augur to speak against them. Yes, to a Marsian perhaps, but not to a Roman. For we are not like those who attempt to predict the future by the flight of birds, and the observation of other signs ; and yet I believe that Romulus, who founded our city by the auspices, considered the augural science of great utility in foreseeing matters. For antiquity was deceived in many things, which time, custom, and enlarged experience have corrected. And the custom of reverence for, and discipline and rights of, the augurs, and the authority of the college, are still retained for the sake of their influence on the minds of the common people. And certainly the consuls P. Claudius and L. Junius de served severe punishment, who set sail in defiance of the auspices s." He answers, " I have heard." The augurial officer 230 ON DIVINATION. among our forefathers was a skilful and learned man chickens were brought in a cage by a person who is termed a poulterer." Such, then, are the illustrious birds whom we call, forsooth, the messengers of Jupiter ; and this exception was doubtless contrived for the benefit of the commonwealth, in order that the chiefs of the state might be the interpreters of the Comitia in whatever concerns the judgments of the people, the rights of the laws, and the creation of the magistrates. " But," you argue, " in consequence of the letters of Ti berius Gracchus, Scipio Nasica and Caius Martins Figulus resigned the consulship, because the augurs determined that they had been irregularly created." Well, who denies that there is a school of Augurs 1 What I deny is, that there is any such thing as divination. " But the soothsayers are diviners ed. For myself, I agree with the sentiments of Caius Marcellus rather than with those of Appius Claudius, who were both of them my colleagues ; for to make these contrivances, either that an auspice should not happen at all, or that if it happens it should not be seen, — what is it but an attempt to avoid the admonitions of Jupiter ? XXXVII. It is ridiculous enough for you to assert that this king Deiotarus did not repent of having believed the auspices which he experienced when he went in search of Pompey, because he had, by doing his duty, thus secured the fidelity and friendship of the Romans ; for that praise and glory were dearer to him than his kingdom and possessions. I dare say they were another affliction ; and, to crown his troubles, he soon had Csesar quartered upon him, both as a guest and an enemy. What could be more painful than this ? Lastly , Csesar, after having deprived him of the tetrarchy of the Trogini, and bestowed it on a certain Pergamenian of his train, — after having likewise deprived him of Armenia, which had been granted him by the senate, — after having been entertained by him with most princely hospitality, left his entertainer the king wholly stripped of his possessions. It is needless to add more. I will return to my original subject. If we seek to know events by those auspices which are sought from birds, it appears by this argument that no birds could truly have predicted prosperity to king Deiotarus. If we want to know our duty, that is not to be sought from augury, but from virtue. XXXVIII. I say nothing, then, of the augural staff of Romulus, which you declare to have remained unconsumed by fire in the midst of a general conflagration ; and pass over the razor of Attius Navius, which is reported to have cut through a whetstone. Such fables as these should not be admitted into philosophical discussions. What a philosopher has to do is, first, to examine the nature of the augural science, to investigate its origin, and to pursue its history. But how pitiful is the nature of a science which pretends that the eccentric motions of birds are full of ominous import, and that all manner of things must be done, or left undone, as their flights and songs may indicate When on the left it thunders, all goes well. In Homer, on the contrary, Ajax,1 making some complaint or other to Achilles about the ferocity of the Trojans, speaks in this manner — For them the father of the Gods declares, His omens on the right, his thunder theirs. So that omens on the left appear fortunate to us, while the Greeks and barbarians prefer those on the right. Although I am not unaware that our Romans call prosperous signs sinistra, even if they are in fact dextra. But certainly our countrymen used the term sinistra, and foreigners the word dextra, because that usually appeared the best. How great, however, is this contrariety — " I yield my place to you." Nor is this all stone in two, at a particular spot. Being extremely alarmed at the vision, he began to act in obedience to it, in spite of the derision of his fellow-tivity. ON DIVINATION. 237 Paneetius, who is almost the only Stoic who rejects astro logical prophecies, says that Archelaus and Cassander, the two principal astronomers of the age in which he himself lived, set no value on judicial astrology, though they were very celebrated for their learning in other parts of astronomy. Scylax of Halicarnassus, a great friend of Pansetius, and a first-rate astronomer, and chief magistrate of his own city, likewise rejected all the predictions of the Chaldeans. But to proceed merely on reason, omitting for the present the testimony of these witnesses. Those who put faith in the Chaldeans, and their calcu lations of nativities, and their various predictions, argue in this manner : they affirm that in that circle of constellations which the Greeks term the Zodiac there resides a ceiiain energy, of such a character that each portion of its circum ference influences and modifies the surrounding heavens ac cording to what stars are in those and the neighbouring parts at each season ; and that this energy is variously affected by those wandering stars which we call planets. But when they come into that portion of the circle in which is situated the rise of that star which appears anew, or into that which has anything in conjunction or harmony with it, they term it the true or quadrate aspect. And moreover, as there happen at every season of the year several astronomical revolutions, owing to approximations and retirements of the stars which we see, which are affected by the power of the sun, — ; two twins may re semble each other in appearance, and yet their lives and fortunes may be entirely dissimilar. 238 ON DIVINATION'. Procles and Eurysthenes, kings of the Laceduemonians, were twin-brethren. But they did not live the same number of years e, that while attending to the swift motions and revolutions of heaven, we should take no notice of the changes of the atmosphere immediately around us, — its weather, its winds, and rains — when weather differs so much even in places which are nearest to one another, that there is often one weather at Tusculum and another at Rome ; as is especially remarked by sailors, who, after having doubled a cape, often find the greatest possible change in the wind. When the calmness or disturbed state of the weather is so variable, is it the part of a man in his senses to say that these circumstances have no effect on the births of children happen ing at that moment, (as, indeed, they have not,) and yet to affirm, that that subtle and indefinable thing, which cannot be felt at all, and can scarcely be comprehended, — namely, the conjuncture which arises from the moon and other stars, does affect the birth of children 1 — What? is it a slight error, not to understand that by this system that energy of seminal principles which is of so much influence in begetting and procreating the child is utterly put out of sight? — ses, or the skill of their physicians? or that many chil dren have been born so tongue-tied that they could not speak, and yet have been cured by the application of the knife '? Many likewise by meditation or exercise have removed their natural infirmities. Thus Phalereus records that Demos thenes when young could not pronounce the letter R XLVIII. It only remains for us now to examine those ttfo sorts of divination which you term natural, as distin guished from artificial — e inspired with a divine ecstasy, or are r.s it were disengaged from the body, and act freely and easily during sleep. I wish therefore to know what is your opinion DE NAT. ETC. K 242 ON DIVINATION. respecting these vaticinations and dreams, and by what ingenious devices you mean to invalidate them. When Quintus had thus spoken, I proceeded again to speak, starting afresh, as it were, from a new beginning. I am very well aware, brother Quintus, I replied, that you have always entertained doubts respecting the other kinds of divination; but that you are very favourable to the two natural kinds — ; or, lastly, we must believe that even the Gods themselves are incapable of declaring them. But we cannot say that the Gods do not love man, for they are essentially benevolent and philanthropic. And they cannot be ignorant of those things, which they themselves have appointed and designed : neither can it be uninteresting or unimportant to us to know what must happen to us, for we should be more prudent if we did know. Nor can the Gods think it inconsistent with their dignity to advertise men of future events, for nothing can be more sublime than doing- good. Nor are they unable to perceive the future before hand. If, therefore, there are no Gods, they do not declare the future to us; but there are Gods, therefore they do declare. And if the Gods declare future events to us, they must have furnished us with means whereby we may appre hend them, otherwise they would declare them in vain ; and if they have given us the means of apprehending divination, then there is a divination for us to apprehend — all, cannot be discerned externally from anything else. This proposition likewise appears undeniable. Therefore that which includes all, having no end, is necessarily infinite. Thus by the proposition which we are compelled to admit, he clearly proves the point in question. Now this is just what you dialecticians have not yet done in favour of divination ; and you not only bring forward no pro position as your premises, so self-evident as to be universally admitted ; but you assume such premises as, even if they be granted, your desired conclusion would be as far as ever from following. For instance, your first proposition is this : If there are Gods they must needs be benevolent. Who will grant you this 1 Will Epicurus, who asserts that the Gods do not care about any business of their own or of others ? or will our own countryman Ennius, who was applauded by all the Romans, when he said — I've always argued that the Gods exist, But that they care for mortals I deny ; and then gives reasons for his opinion ; but it is not neces sary to quote him further. I have said enough to show that your friends assume as certain, propositions which are matters of doubt and controversy. LI. The next proposition is this, That the Gods must needs know all things, because they have made all things. But how great a dispute is there as to this fact among the most learned men, several of whom deny that all things were created by the immortal Gods ! Again, they assert, that it is the interest of man to know those things which are about to come to pass. But Dicsear- chus has written a great book to prove that ignorance of futurity is better than knowledge of futurity. R2 244 ON DIVINATION. They deny that it is inconsistent with the majesty of the Gods to look into every man's house, forsooth, so as to see what is expedient for each individual. Nor is it possible, say they, for them to be ignorant of the future. This is denied by those who will not allow that what is future can be certain. Do not you see, therefore, that they have assumed as certain and admitted axioms, things which are doubtful ? After which, they twist the argument about and sum it up thus ; for else, why should they teach it to the Etrurians rather than to the Romans? Again, they argue, that if the Gods have given men the means of understanding the signs they impart, then the existence of divination is manifest. Biit grant that the Gods do give such means, what does it avail, if we happen to be incapable of receiving them 1 Last of all, their conclusion is and though in the exercise of this power of divination some errors may occur, and the diviner may be misled so as not to foresee ON DIVINATION. 245 the truth ; yet the existence of divination is sufficiently attested by the fact that some true divinations have been made, containing such exact predictions of all the particulars of future events, that they can never have been made by chance, — of which numerous instances might be cited. The exist ence of divination must therefore be admitted. The argument is neatly and concisely stated. But Cra- sometimes truly foreseen future events, either in ecsta sies or dreams, have done so by fortune and accident us not to concede a point which is so clear ! But what is clear ? " Why," he replies, " that many predictions are fulfilled." Yes ; but are there not many more which are not fulfilled ? Does not this very variation, which is the peculiar property of fortune, teach us that fortune, not nature, regulates such predictions ? 246 ON DIVINATION. Moreover, if your conclusion is true, 0 renowned Cratip- pus ! — for to you I address myself — authority has this same ecstasy, which you choose to call divine, that enables the madman to foresee things inscrutable to the sage, and which invests with divine senses a man who has lost all his human ones 1 We Romans preserve with solicitude the verses which the Sibyl is reported to have uttered when in an ecstasy, — ey are not a song composed by any one in a prophetic ecstasy, as the poem itself evinces, being far less remarkable for enthusiasm and inspiration than for technicality and labour ; and as is especially proved by that arrangement which the Greeks call acrostics — where, from the first letter of each verse in order, words are formed which express some particular meaning f religious fancies. And let us so arrange matters with the priests under whose custody they remain, that they may pro phesy anything rather than a king from these mysterious volumes ; for neither Gods nor men any longer tolerate the notion of restoring kingly government at Rome. LV. But many people, you say, have in repeated instances uttered true predictions ; as, for example, Cassandra, when she said, " Already is the fleet,'' ' &c. ; and in a subsequent prophecy, "Ah! see you not?" &c. Do you then expect me to give credence to these fables 1 I will grant that they are as delightful as you please to call them, — possession and constancy, as is very com mon, by the greatness of his terror and affright ; and that, being driven to distraction by his own cowardice, he uttered those convictions when raving mad which he had cherished when yet sane ? Which, in the name of Gods and men, is most likely; that a mad sailor should have attained to a know ledge of the counsels of the immortal Gods, or that some one of us who were on the spot at the time — myself, for in stance, or Cato, or Varro, or Coponius himself — " For, in the first place, Apollo never uttered an oracle in Latin ; secondly, this oracle is altogether unknown to the Greeks. Besides, in the days of Pyrrhus, Apollo had already left off composing verses. Lastly, although it was always the case, as is said in these lines of Ennius, — " The JEacids were but a stupid race, More warlike than sagacious," — yet even Pyrrhus might without much difficulty have per ceived the ambiguity of the phrase, " ^Eacides the Romans will subdue ;" and might have seen that it did not apply more to himself than it did to the Romans. As to that ambiguity which deceived Croesus, it might even have deceived Chrysippus. This one could not have deluded even Epicurus. LVII. But the chief argument is, why are the Delphic oracles altered in such a way that — I do not mean only lately in our own time, but for a long time — nothing can have been more contemptible 1 When we press our antagonists for a reason for this, they say that the peculiar virtue of the spot from which those exhalations of the earth arose, under the influence and excite ment of which the Pythian priestess uttered her oracles, has disappeared by the lapse of time. You might suppose they were speaking of wine or salt, which do lose their flavour by lapse of time unken ness, or maniacs ? Now, if we cannot trust such appearances as those, I know not why we are to place any absolute reliance on the visions of dreams; for you might as well, if you pleased, argue irom ON DIVINATION. 251 these errors as from dreams. For instance, that if stationary objects appear to move, you might say that this appearance indicated the approach of an earthquake, or some sudden flight ; or those who explain them do, by a certain harmony and conjunction of nature which they call a~u/j.Tra.Oeia (sympathy), understand by means of dreams what is suitable for everything, and what is the con sequence of everything ; or, lastly, neither of these things is true ; but there is a constant system of observation of long standing, by which it had been remarked, that after certain dreams certain events usually follow. The first thing then for us to understand is, that there is no divine energy which inspires dreams ; and this being granted, you must also grant that no visions of dreamers proceed from the agency of the Gods. For the Gods have for our own sake given us intellect sufficiently to provide for our future welfare. How few people then attend to dreams, or under stand them, or remember them ! How many, on the other hand, despise them, and think any superstitious observation of them a sign of a weak and imbecile mind ;" and he would give such intimations to a waking rather than to a sleeping man ; but as it is, who would venture to assert that all dreams are true ? Ennius says, that some dreams are prophetical ssarily follows, since you deny that they proceed from God. By nature I mean that essential activity of the mind owing to which it never stands still, and is never free from some agitation or motion or other. When in consequence of the weakness of the body it loses the use of both the limbs and the senses, it is still affected by various and uncertain visions aris ing (as Aristotle observes) from the relics of the several affairs which employed our thoughts and labours during our waking hours , which sends him in great alarm as soon as daylight dawns to consult the seer and interpreter : or whether these dreams are the result of natural causes, and the ever-active, ever-; which, then, is the best ? Heraclitus is very puzzling, Democritus is very lucid ; are they to be compared ? You, for my own sake, give me advice that I do not understand ! What is it, then, that you are advising me to do ? Suppose a medical man were to prescribe to a sick man an earth-born, grass-walking, house-carrying, unsanguineous animal, in stead of simply saying, a snail ; so Amphion in Pacuvius speaks of — A four-footed and slow-going beast, Rugged, debased, and harsh ; his head is short, His neck is serpentine, his aspect stern ; He has no blood, but is an animal Inanimate, not voiceless. Z.JO OX DIVINATION. When these obscure verses had been duly recited, the Greeks cried out, We do not understand you unless you tell us plainly what animal you mean ? I mean, said Pacuvius, I mean in one word, a tortoise. Could you not, then, said the questioner, have told us so at first ? LXV. We read in that volume which Chrysippus has written concerning dreams, that some one having dreamed in the night that he saw an egg hanging on his bed-! And, again, why did this indi vidual receive such an obscure sign of a treasure o,s could be afforded by the resemblance of an egg, instead of being distinctly commanded at once to look for a treasure, in the same way as Simonides was expressly forbidden to put to sea? Therefore, obscure dreams are not at all consistent with the majesty of the Gods. LXVI. But let us now treat of those dreams which you term clear and definite, such as that of the Arcadian whoso friend was killed by the inn-. On awaking, Alexander related his dream, and messengers were sent to look for that plant, which, when it was found, not only cured Ptolemy, but likewise several other soldiers, who during the engagement had been wounded by similar arrows. You have related a number of dreams of this nature bor rowed from history. For instance, that of the mother of Phalaris — that of King Cyrus — that of the mother of Diony- sius — that of Hamilcar the Carthaginian — that of Hannibal — that of Publius Decius — that notorious one of the president — that of Caius Gracchus— and the recent one of Ceecilia, the daughter of Metellus Balearicus. But the main part of these dreams happened to strangers, and on that account we know little of their particular circumstances : — some of them may be mere fictions; for who are they vouched by? As to those dreams that have occurred in our personal experience, what can we say about them, — about your dream respecting myself and my horse being submerged close to the bank; or mine, that Marius with the laurelled fasces ordered me to be conducted into his monument? LXVIL All these dreams, my brother, are of the same character, and, by the immortal Gods, let us not make so poor a use of our reason, as to subject it to our superstition and delusions. For what do you suppose the Marius was that appeared to me ? His ghost or image, I suppose, as Demo-deed that we can bring before our minds even things which we have never seen ; as, for instance, the situations of towns and the figures of men. DE NAT. ETC. S '258 ON DIVINATION. When, then, I dream of the walls of Babylon, or the counte nance of Homer, is it because some physical image of them strikes my mind1? All things, then, which we desire to be so, can be known to us, for there is nothing of which we cannot think. Therefore, no images steal in upon the mind of the sleeper from without ; nor indeed are such external images flowing about at all ; and I never knew any one who talked nonsense with greater authority. The energy and nature of human minds is so vigorous that they go on exerting themselves while awake by no adven titious impulse, but by a motion of their own, with a most incredible celerity. When these minds are duly supported by the physical organs and senses of the body, they see and conceive and discern all things with precision and certainty. But when this support is withdrawn, and the mind is deserted by the languor of the body, then it is put in motion by its own force. Therefore, forms and actions belong to it ; and many things appear to be heard by, and said to it. Then, when the mind is in a weak and relaxed state, many things present themselves to it commingled and varied in every kind of manner ; and most especially do the reminiscences of-; and in yours, the reappearance of the horse on which I was riding, and who sunk at the same time with myself. Do you think then, you will say, that any old woman would be so doting as to believe dreams if they did not sometimes and at random turn out true ? A dragon appeared to address Alexander. Doubtless this might be true, or it might be false ; but whichever the case may have been, there is surely nothing very wonderful about it ; for he did not hear this serpent speaking — lie only ON DIVINATION. 2o\) dreamed that he heard him; and to make the story more remarkable, the serpent appeared with a branch in its mouth, and yet spoke favour now, though engaged in such weighty affairs. Nor do I seem ever to experience any more important dream than when I see the magistrates in the forum, and the senate in the senate-house. LXIX. In truth, (and this is the second branch of your division,) what connexion and conjunction of nature (which, as I have said, the Greeks term avp.ira.6euL,) is there of such a character, that a treasure is to be understood by an egg? Physicians, indeed, know of certain facts by which they perceive the approaches and increase of diseases; there are also some indications of a return to health ; so that the very fact whether we have plenty to eat or whether we are dying of hunger, is said to be indicated by some kinds of dreamn. But by what rational connexion are treasures, and honours, and victories, and things of that kind, joined to dreams'? They tell us, that a certain individual dreaming of sexual coition, ejected calculi : I grant that sympathy may have had something to do in a case like this, — because, in sleeping, his imagination might have been so affected with sensual images, that such an emission took place by the force of nature, rather than by supernatural phantasms. But what sympathy could have presented to Simonides the image of the person, who in a dream warned him not to put to sea 1 Or what sympathy could have occasioned the vision of Alcibiades, who, a little before his death, is said to have dreamed that 260 ON DIVINATION. ie was arrayed in the robes of Timandra his mistress? What relation could this have with the event which afterwards happened to him horses. He then applied to Antiphon, who said to him, By your dream it appears that you must lose the race ; for do you not see that four reached the goal before you ? Here is another story respecting an athlete ; and the books of Chrysippus and Antipater are full of such stories. How ever, I will return to the runner. He then went to a sooth sayer and informed him that he had just dreamed that he was changed into an eagle. You have won your race (said the seer), for this eagle is the swiftest of all birds. He also went to Antiphon, who said to him, You will certainly be conquered ; for the eagle chases and drives other birds which fly before it, and consequently is always behind the rest. A certain matron, who was very anxious to have children, and who doubted whether she was pregnant or not, dreamed one night that her womb was sealed up ; she, therefore, asked a soothsayer whether her dream signified her pregnancy ? He said, No ; for the sealing implied, that there could be no con ception. But another whom she consulted said, that her dream plainly proved her pregnancy o the laws of nature tely contrary senses. LXXII. Let us reject, therefore, this divination of dreams, as well as all other kinds. For, to speak truly, that superstition has extended itself through all nations, and has oppressed the intellectual energies of almost all men, and has betrayed them into endless imbecilities ich is united with the know ledge of nature is to be propagated, so also are all the roots of superstition to be destroyed. For it presses upon, and pur sues, and persecutes you wherever you turn yourself, — whether you consult a diviner, or have heard an omen, or have im molated a victim, or beheld a flight of birds ; whether you have seen a Chaldean or a soothsayer; if it lightens or thunders, or if anything is struck by lightning; if any kind of prodigy occurs ; some of which events must be frequently coming to pass ; so that you can never rest with a tranquil mind. Sleep seems to be the universal refuge from. all labours and anxieties. And yet even from this many cares and perturba tions spring forth which, indeed, would of themselves have no influence, and would rather be despised, if certain philosophers had not taken dreams under their special patronage world, the reality of the external world, iconography, detailed ecphrasis of “La scuola di Atene” – dialettica ateniense, dialettica romana. Grice: To Athens, via Rome. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Chiappelli” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51689429333/in/photolist-2mKBQvt-2mKBEmt-2mJ4GHU-2mGnP2f
,craffimdinem nero ct latitudinem in fpiritu f longitudinem inttmporc- Littera igtut eji ricta elementi}& uclut imagp quadam uocis litterata, qua cogmfidtur ex qualitate & <fti tute figura linearu-Hoc ergo mterefl inter elementa, & litteras, quod elementa proprie dicuntur ipfie pronundationes - n 'ota autem carit littera- Abufiue tamen & elementa pro litteris, & littera pro ele* mentis uoatntur . Cum enim dicimus non poffie conflare m eadem fiyl labd-K,ante.V,no de litteris dicimus, fid de pronuntiatione earum- nam quantum ad ficripturam poffunt coninng,non tamen etia enu- ciari,nifiipojlpofita-R, ut princeps, sunt igitur figura litterarum quibus nos utimur- XXUI-V,fi<n<fhm Aeolia ponitur breuisyfequcnte.d,uel.m,uel.r,ucl.t, Uelx, fonum-y, gracauidetur habere, ut uideo,um, uirtus , uitium, uix-v, autem qudnuts contraftum eundem tamen fimum, hoc efi ■ y, habet, inter q} &-efueLiyHela,diphthongum pofltum , ut que quis qua- tenon inter. gt& ea fidem uoatles,cmi in una fiyl laba fic imenitur,ut pin- gtefanguisfiingtta - In confortantibus etiam fiunt differentia plures, trdnfeuntmm in alias confortantes & non tr an femtium, quippe di - uerfie firmi potefiatis . ’L tL a iij DE ACCIDENTIBV S* LITTERAE. Ccidit igitur litterae nomen figura, poteffas-Uomen uefo a ti. a.b.c. Et fiunt mdechna ilia, tam apud gr aecos eleme- torum nomina • Sic igitur mutas, non qua omnino noce atrcntfed qua exiguam par temuods habent- Vocales autem apud latitios omnes fmt anapites, uel liquida yhoc efl qua fialemodo produci f modo corripi pojfunt , Sicut etiam apud antiquiffimos erant gr acor uni ante muentionem » quibus inuentis.t, &o, qua ante anapites erant reman, fe¬ runt perpetua breues,aim earum produdhtrum loca poffcfft fint d fupradiths uoatlibus femper longis . Sunt etiam in confonantibus lo ga,ut puta duplices. xy&.Zr Slrut enim longa Uocalesy ficha qucq ; longam fidunt jy liabam. Sunt fimiliter in confonantibus anapites uel liquida yut.ly&-ryqua modo longam modo breuem pofl mutas pofita m eadem fyllaba fidunt fyllabam.his quidam addunt non irrationabiliter m, &my quia ipfe quoq; communes fidunt fyllabas pofl mutas pofita yquod diuerforu confirmatur aufhritate tamgra eorum, q latinorum . ouidius in deamo Metamorphofeos. Vifcofimq; gnidon.gr auidamq, ; Amathunta metallis. » Euripides iit Vphoemffis . /Wr#i tro c/t hoc pidjuov <tio'punr. In cifdem . xxax ojuitrSot.Jdco hocmo cmtofeis tihvov , apud gracos fnnenitur tamen. myante.n,pofita nec producens ante fe uoctilem mo re mutarum -Callimachus • rcofjutv o juvturx paetos i<pn £tvof umctw ouvuv. Apud antiquiffi¬ mos gr acorum non plusq fedeam erant littera tranfit in. x ,ut paulum pxuxiUsm,mala maxilla, uelumuexillum,in.r,ut tabula taberna • M ,ob fimum inex tremitate dictionum fonat, ut templum apertum in principio , ut ma gnus}mcdiocre in mcdqs,ut umbra.tranfit in.n, & maxime, d, ucl t,uel.c,uel.q,fiquenhbus,ut tam tandem , tantum tantundem, idem identidem ,nwm nvmcul i,& ut P linio placet, mnquis, nunquam, an ceps,proamceps.am enmpr*pofitio.f,Hclctuel.q,fiquetibus in.n, mutat. m,ut anfi adhts, anci fia, anquiro, uodli nero fi qu ente interci- pit.b tut ambitus, amhefi:s,ambufius,amb ages jntenon etiam in com¬ buro combufius idem fit • F inahg di&ioms fubtrahitur, m, in mtr • plerunq; fi duodli incipit fiquens diflio,ut lUum expirantem transfixo pe flor e flammas. Vetufafflmi tamen non fimper eam fubtrahelant. 'Ennius in. x. annali ttm . infignita fire tum millia militum ofh b ltb er * Duxit delcftvs b ellum tvller are potentes . N -quoque plenior in prbnis fionat , in ultimis partibus (yllaba - rum,ut nomen, [hmen, exilior in medijs, ut amnis, damnum, tran- fitin.g,ut ignofeo, ignauus,igno tu s, ignaris, igno minia, cogno fco, co= gnatus- poteji tamen in quii ufdam eorum fermonum etiam per con - qfionem adempta uideri-n, quia in fimplitibus quoque potefl inueni r iper adie^nonem-g, ut gnatus gnarus-rodufta in latinis dicncnisiis nif indifyllabis &ipfis greeas . Nam m greeeis fepe inuenimus ut chius £r diay & m tino triJylUbo quod apud M Statium legiyut licyus- Statius in decimo Thebaidos. Ad patrias f n quando domos optafaq; paean. Templa hcyc dabis tot ditia dona fa * cratis V ofibuStO4 totidem noti memor exiget auros . m ahjs nero co fionanteyl y fequente pro ei diphthongo longrtm.i y ponimus ut rubos nilus • In femiuocaiiius f militer fiunt alia prcepofitiuce alijs femtUo- cahbus m cade fiyilab a ytt.m, fequente. nyut mnefivus,amnis.Sf quoq» f Ruente. m, ut finyrnayfmaragdus . nam uitium facium qui.z,ante m, firibunt ,t fecunda ponitur qudm nos per.ph,plerunqs ficru bmus.crypxyit uittrix.fceptrum • Nam pofi.pt yuehdyfimul iunfkts l non inuenitur iit cfivndjmus, ipfit fioni natura pyohibente. \n fine uero aitUonis contra inuenimus primam liquidam fequentem muta, poftremam- fiut uris ,fhrps • fin aute\n in cluas definat confionantes di&io PRTMVS. 13 diMoynecejfe cfi priorem liquidam effe,et /cquente-s-uelx-ut fitpr* offendimus, ude. ueUt- antecedente. n,ut hmc,dicunt , amat, hunc, uel loco-i-grace bsuel ps fcribcrc pro ratione <grutwi,ut arahs arabis, petopr p elopis, coeleps ccelibis , princeps principi*. Quii ufdam fame Ut fupra docuimus ynon aliter uidetur-^- gr<e at nifi pro-psfcnben = da.quanquam enim ratio genitim fiipradiflttm exigat scripturam, tamen cognationem foni ad hoc procliuiorem cjfe aiunt hoc tamen fci endum eft,cp principium syllaba omnimodo pro. i. ps >debcthahere0 Utpfitacns,pfiudolus , ipje,mbo quccp mp fi, scribo scnpfi faciunt, quanuis analogia per -b, cogat scribere ,/edeuphonia fuperat , qua etiam nuptam non nubtam , & scriptum non scribtum compellit per-p,non-b,dicere & scribere- PROBI IWSTITVTA ARTIVM. p. 153. M R. P- ^' 30 V. DE VOCE. Vox sive soDus est aer ictus, id est percussus, sensibilis auditu, quan- lUDi io ipso es(, hoc est quam diu resonat. nunc omnis vox sive sonus aul articulata est aut confusa. articulata esl, qua homines locuntur et 5 lilteris conprehendi potest, t puta ^scribe Cicero', ^ Vergili lege' et cetera UHa. confusa vero aut animalium aut inanimalium est, quae litteris con- prehendi non potest. animalium est ut puta equorum hinnitus, rabies €3Dum, rugitus ferarum, serpenlum sibiius, avium cantus et cetera talia; inaDimalium autem est ut puta cymbalorum tinnitus, flageilorum strepitus, 10 uodarum pulsus, ruinae casus, fistulae auditus et cetera talia. est et con- plioam, ut puta hic Catilina, haec lupa, hoc scrijnium et cetera talia; $cilicet (|uoniam haec nomina sic per || omnes casus secundum sua genera 2S in derlinalione perseverant, sic uli est analogiae rccta declinationis dis- riplina. 1 PROBI GRAMHATICI DB OCTO 0RATI0NI8 MBMBRI8 AR8 MINOR. DB VOCE V Ci COdtX Parisinus 7519 incipit tractatos probi granmatici de uocb codex Parisinus 7494 DE TocB fi: cf. PrUeian. p. 727 conl. Prob. p. 306 ed, Find., Pompei. p. 187 ed, lixd. conl. Prob. p. 236 sqq. ed. f^ind. 4 omnis R communis r 9 ruditus corr, ragitus R rndttus rv serpentum R serpentium rv 24 scrioium rv scriptam R " 26 analogiae recta R analog^ia recia r analogia e recta v Digitized by Google 48 PROBl p. IM. 55 K. p. 290. 31 V. DE ANOMALIA. Anomalia est misrcns vel inmutans aut deficiens ratio per declina- tionem. De miscente. miscens anomaliae per declinalionem ratio esl ut puta 5 ab hoc altero, huic aiteri; scilicet quoniam quaecumque nomina ablativo casu numeri singularis o littera terminanlur, haec secundum analogiae rectam rationis disciplinam dativo casu numeri singularis o iittera definiun- tur. item ab hac mula, his et ab his mulabus; scilicet quoniam quaecum- que nomina ablalivo casu nueri singularis a littera terminantur, haec 10 secundum analogiae rectam ralionis disciplinam dativo et ablativo casu numeri pluralis is litteris definiuntur. item ab hoc iugero, horum iuge- rum; scilicet quoniam quaecumque nomina ablativo casu numeri singularis o liitera terminantur, haec secundum analogiae rectam ralionis disciplinam genetivo casu numeri pluralis orum litteris definiuntur. sic et cetera talia, 15 quae contra anaiogiae rectam rationis^disciplinam miscent per casus decli- natiouuro formas, anomala sunt appellanda. De inmutante. inmutans anomaiiae per declinationem est ratio, ut puta hic luppiter, huius lovis.' sic et cetera talia, quae conlra analoglae rectam rationis discipfinam inmutant per casus declinalionum formas, ano- 90 mala sunl appeilanda. De deficienle. deficiens anomaliae per declinalionem est ratio, ut puta hoc nefas et cetera (alla; scilicet quoniam haec contra analoglae . rectam rationis disciplinam non per omnes casus in declinatione per- severant. 25 Sic iam et per ceteras partes orationis analogia vel anomalia coo- sideranda est, hoc est ut, quaecumque pars oralionis neque miscet neque inmutat aut deficil per deciinalionis disciplinam, ad analogiam pertineat, quae vero miscet vel inmutat aut deficit per declinationis discipllnam, anomala sit appellanda. nunc etiam hoc monemus, quod analogia maxi- 30 mam partem oralionis contineat, anomalia vero aliqnam. de anomalia et analogia, | quantum ratio poscebat, tractavimus. DE LITTERIS. Liltera est elementum vocis articulatae. eleroen{|tum autem est unius cuiusqi.ie rei initium, a quo sumitur incrementum et in quod resolvltur. 35 accidit uni cuique lilterae nomen figura polestas. nomen lilterae est quo appellatur. sane nomen unius cuiusque litterae omnes artis latores, prae- cipuequc Varro, neutro genere appellari iudicaverunt et aptote decllnari iusserunt. aploton est autem, quando nomen per omnes casus uno sche- rae in syitaba sua praeponuntur, vim consonantium habere iudicantur; si vero subiciuntur, vocalium loco funguntur. 25 DE SEMIVOCALIBVS. Semivocales consonantium litterae sunt numero septem. hae secun-uiuiit, ut pula be ce de ge ba ka pe qu te. per se autem syllabam facere non pos- sunt, scilicet quoniam mutae litterae, si misceantur, sonum syllabae facere lonon reperiuntur, ut puta bc dg tk pq et cetera talia. nunc et in his mutis supervacue quibusdam k et q litterae positae esse videntur, quod dicant c litteram earundem locum posse complere, ut puta Carthago pro Kartiiago. nunc hoc vitium etsi ferendum puto, attamen pro quam quis est qui sustineat cuam? et ideo non recte hae litterae quibusdam super- 15 vacue constitutae esse videntur. [| item ex isdem mutis h aspirationis notam, non litteram esse existimaverunt, cum et haec, sic uti ceterae, certum sonum retineat potestatis suae, ut puta honos: numquidnam onos? aut cetera talia; et ideo hoc quoque non recte existimasse notandi sunt Nunc quaeritur de consonanjtibus, quare in duas partes dividantur, 20 hoc est in semivocales et mutas. hac de causa, quoniam semivocales maiorem potestatem habent quam mutae. nam cum omnes artis latores, praecipueque Caesar, propter rationem metricam et structurarura quaUta-68 R. p. 233.34 V. sonum contiDeaDt, necesse est ut et in ratione roetri vel musicae plus facultatis raUo Graeca quam Latiua obtioeaL sed boc in metris vel rousicis conpetenter traclabimUs. dudc et boc moDemus, quod pauci sciuDty siquidero ood semper x littera dupiex sit accipieuda; sed tUDC duplex' accipieDda, quaudo subiecta syllabam coDfirmat, ut puta dox et 6 Docs, lex et legs, felix et felics. et celera talia, siquidem tuDc et soDum duaruffi litterarum coutiDeat. at vero qqaDdo praeposita syllabae existat, noD duplex sed simplex est accipicDda, ut puta maximus auxius: Dum- quiduam macsimus aut aocsius? et cetera talia; et ideo, ut diximus, quo-‘shaggy’. And even there I got into problems with the idea of a correlation, where the utterer is asked to provide a correlation of the type he has just provided!” -- Grice: “La voce e la parola”. Nicola Chiaromonte. Keywords: parola, parabola, Donatus, Priscianus, definizione di voce, vox, verbum, word, Grice on ‘word’ – Corleo on ‘parola’ --. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Chiaromonte” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51773040238/in/dateposted-public/
una teoria della persuasione, e il criterio che egli usa “è Michelstaedter stesso vivente. Filosofia non sistematica, perché ogni sua affermazione è il sistema, e il suo organismo vivo che non può contraddirsi”59; e il nucleo essenziale del suo pensiero, quindi, è l’attività vera, la vita, che non ha fuori di sé la vita “perché deve essere essa la vita”60. “La via della persuasione è se stessa e non ha un fine fuori di sé. Essa intanto è la vita dell’infinito nell’individuo finito, è la vera vita del finito: è processo, vita”61. Lo stesso tema verrà ulteriormente ripreso dal Chiavacci negli anni successivi. Il “dialettica attuale, fra momenti attualmente vissuti nella loro reale soggettività...la dialettica triadica degli opposti era un dannoso impaccio”; occorreva intendere “l’atto come il vivente attuale processo unitario in cui gli oppos ti si trasfigura non in distinti, in quanto l’io, realizzando la proprio apertura infinita, supera le determinazioni intellettive e attua quella coincidenza di individuale e di universale, così profondamente vista e così suggestivamente proclamata tante volte dal Gentile, la quale mal si concilia con la solitudine del logo come sintesi. Essa richiede invece un interiore dialogo fra logo e sentimento, che ben si può scorgere nel paginei abbiamo inteso soltanto delimitare e precisare l’ambito di indagine, che è da valutare come un’ulteriore approsimazione al problema, e offrire degli spunti utili a sostegno della prosecuzione del discorsoGaetano Chiavacci. Keyowords: poetico, critica della ragione poetica, illusion, allusion, ludo, la natura dell’uomo, carteggio con Gentile. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Chiavacci” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51772774831/in/dateposted-public/
at it should. The keyword is: anti-Popish, Vico, Croce, estetica, Aquino, Gentile, Neo-Scolastica. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Chiocchetti” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51716695872/in/photolist-2mN2zUd-2mKCVsF/
economia sociale, economia politica, l’economia filosofica d’Aristotele, econnomia corporativa. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Chitti” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51689157376/in/photolist-2mKArEy
https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51773595825/in/dateposted-public/
Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Ciliberto” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51772686966/in/dateposted-public/
Sull'origine del linguaggio, Milano, Marinotti, 2004. Voci correlate Modifica Lingua (linguistica) Linguaggio Oralità Tradizione orale Teoria bau-bau Collegamenti esterni Modifica Language and Social Organization, su evolution-of-man.info. Controllo di autorità LCCN ( EN ) sh85074529 · GND ( DE ) 4077740-6 Ultima modifica 1 mese fa di Paroll PAGINE CORRELATE Grammatica universale Teoria linguistica che postula che i principi della grammatica siano condivisi da tutte le lingue, e siano innati per tutti gli esseri umani. Rilessificazione Origine africana dell'Homo sapiens Wikipedia Il
comunicazione come percezione trasferita, psi-transfer. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cimatti” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51772632281/in/dateposted-public/
Civitella. Civitella. Keywords: giurisprudenza romana, sul bello, estetico, sensus, senso e consenso, il vero carattere della giurisprudenza romana, suoi cultore, benevolenza conversazionale, giustizia conversazionale, il principio di sensibilita imitativa, imitazione, l’estetico, l’imitazione della natura, naturale, contra-naturale, non naturale -- l’espressione. La storia romana, incertezza e unitilita – la giurisprudenza romana fino alla caduta della repubblica, aristocrazia versus benevolenza, benevolenza conversazionale tra iguali. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Civitella” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51689415138/in/photolist-2mRRHVK-2mKLP2r-2mKBLhJ
mente ingiusto, infelice, malato, espropriato, travolto da una massa di epithymiai feroci, incontrollabili, ormai liberatesi dal- le catene di quella schiavitù che le relegava al di là dei confini della coscienza, sottraendole ad ogni controllo diretto e per- mettendo così il rafforzamento fino al massimo grado, e quindi l'esplosione finale del loro devastante potenziale. Alberto Radicati, conte di Passerano e Cocconato. Keywords: implicature della morte, eros e tanatos, amore e morte. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cocconato” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51692059125/in/photolist-2mKRjfH
giuridica italiana, associazione, sindaco, Kelsen, grundnorm, legalita, nipote: Nicola Coco, ordine giuridico, unica garanzia del contratto sociale, mutuo soccorso, la societa di mutuo soccorso, le societa di mutuo soccorso, mutualita, mutualita prevalente, contratto di carattere mutuale prevalente, lo spirito cooperativo, considerazione sullo spirito cooperative. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Coco” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51773172804/in/dateposted-public/
che porre sug- sa gestioni nuove al posto delle antiche. Grice: “Of course, Austin thought that the Saturday mornings should be held on Wednesday midnights at Parson’s Pleasure – we were into initiation!” Giovanni Colazza. Keywords. dell’iniziazione, rito di passagio, rito di iniziazione, iniziazione nel misterio, iniziazione, l’iniziazione di Bacco, la Baccanalia, il sacrifizio di Bacco, sacrifizio come dolore e piacere, Prosimno, iniziazione di Bacco, la reazione della religione romana al mistero bacchico, iniziazione, iniziazione del giovane romano, la toga virile. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Colazza” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51711432444/in/photolist-2mMyBgs-2mMv9UH-2mJqjKS
qneatly subject to frequent contentions among themselves. • Tumnf, king of the Rutnti, was the first who opposed .^^eas, he having long made pret^uions to Lavinia himself. A war ensued, in which the Trojan hero was victorious, and Tomus sfadn. In consequence of this, jSneas built a city, which was eded lAvimnm, in honour of hia wife, and some time after, - engaging in another war againat Hezentius, one of the petty Ungs of the country, he was vanquished in turn, and died in battie, after a reign of four years. AMonios, his sod, suc- oeeded to the kingdom, and to him Silvius, a second son, ^lom be had by lAvioia. It would be tedious and nnin- terealing to recite a dry catalogue of the kings that followed, nd of whom ve know little mtae than the namea; it w91 be ...Bnfficient to say, that the sacoesnoD coatiDiied for near foor hundred years in the family, and that Nninitor, the fifteenth from ^neas, was the last king of Alba. Numitor, vho took posseBsitHi of the kingdom in conse- quence of his father's vill, had ft brpther named Amnlius, to whom were left the treasures which had been brought from Troy. As riches but too generally prev^ against right, Amo- lins made use of his wealth to supplant his brother, and aooo foDod means to possess himself of the kingdom, ^ot content with the crime of usurpation, he added that of murder also. Nnmitor's sons first fell a sacrifice to his suspicions, and to remove all apprehensions of being one day distorbed in his ill- bar, to ttwt each party thongfat itielf viotoriovi, the one tiaviog the first omen, the other the most nnmeroiu. Tbifl prodnoed a contest, whitdi ended ui a batde, wherein Bemoa was slain, and it is even said, that he was kiUed by his brother, who, fac- ing provoked at his leaping contemptnoasly over the city wbU, itrack him dead upon tbe qrat, at the same time proKssio^, that nooe shonld ever inanlt his walla with impunity. Romoltu, being now sole coHunuider, and eighteen yean of age, b^an the fonndation of a-o iwsgine a coUec- tion o( cottages, sairotinded by a feeble wall, rather built to serve as a military retreat, than for the purposes of civil >o- cie^, rather filled with a tnmoltuoas and vicious rabble, thaD with subjects bred to obedience and control; we have only to conceive men bred to rapine, Iwing in a place that merelj seemed calculated for the security of plonder; and yet, to our astonishment, we shall soon find this tumulbioas coocouise unit> ingin the strictest bonds of sode^; this lawless rabble putting OB the most sincere regard for religion ; end, thouf^ composed of the dr^s of mankind, setting exai^ples, to all the worid, of valour and riitne. Doiii,,ih,. WWLOU SoARGB mm tbe city rnsed abore iti &niid«tioB. vhen Hs rade mhalulsBtB hegaa to tfauik of gmag some fonn to their . MoslitBtioii. Their first object was to unite lifoer^ and em- pire; to fonn a kiod of mixed monncby, by irfaicfa all power vw to be dividad between the prince and the peopte. Bo- ■nlna, by an act of great geoeromtf, left them at liberty to dwose whom they wonld for dieir king, and tliey in gnrtitiide eoBcmred to elect their founder ; be was accordingly acknow- ledged as chief of dieir religion, sovereign magistrate of Borne, md geoeral of Ae army. Beside a guard to attend his person, it was agreed that he should be preceded wherever be went by tweW whose age, wisdom, or valoor, gave them natoral an^toiitf over titeir feUow-«ab|ect8. The king named the fint senatw, and appointed him to the government of &e atj, whenever war reqoired the geoeial's absence. In dds neqiect^e assembly was transacted all the important boainesa of the slate, the king himself presiding, ^thongh every ques- tion w'as tO'be determined by a minority of voices. Ai^ they were supposed to liave a parental affection for die people, they were called latbMS, and their descendants patricians. To the pafericiaits belonged all ttte dignified oiBees of tlie state, as well r,o,i,,-cMh,. as of tiie imesfbood. To these the; were appofaited by the senate and the people, vhile the lower ranks of citizens, wlio were thns excluded from all views of promotion for then- seUes, woe to expect advantages ou^ from their ntloiir in war, or their assidiiity in agriculture. The plebwms, who composed the third part of the legi»- la^oce, assumed to tbemselTcs the power of aathorising' those laws iHiicb were passed b; the kia^ or the setwle. All tUi^ x^ative to peace or war, to the electi<Hi of magistiatei, and even to the choosing a king, were confirmed by their sufiragea. la their namMmu aaaomblies. all mterptises against the enemy were proposed, while the senate had onij a power of rejeotiog «r approving their Aemfpit. Thus was the ststa composed of three orders, each a check np<»i the other : the people resolved whedier the proposals of the king were plea- sing to them, the senate deliberated upon the expediency of the measure, and the king gave vigour and spirit by directing the execBtion. Bat thov^ the pei^le by these regulations seemed in possession of great pow«, yet th«re was one cdr- onmstaace which c<nitiibuted greatly to its dimmntion, nara^, the rights of patronage which wece lodged in the smate. I^ king, sensible that in every state there must be a 'dependaoee of the poor upon the powerful, -gave permission to every |:4e- beian to choose one among the senators for a patron. Tke bond between them was of the strongest kind ; the patron was to give [woteotion to his client, to assist him with lus advice and fortune, to plead for him before the judge, and to rescue him from every oppression. On the other hand, the climt attached himself to the interests of his patron, assisted han, if poor, to portion his daughters, to pay his debts,, or his rmuom - in case of being, taken prisoner. He was to follow him on every service of danger; whenever he stood candidate for an office, he was obliged to give him his sufi&age, and was pro- Ubited from giving testimony in a court of justioe whenever his evidence affected the int^ests of his patron. These reci- procal ; bat die greatest part of the religion of that age con- siMed in a firm relianoe upon Ae credit of their soothsi^ers, irito fvetended, from observations on the flight of birds and the entrails of beasts, to direct the present, and to dive into fntmrity. This pioos fhrad, wbich first uvse from igno- rance, soon became a most usefnl machine in the hands of government. Romnlns, by an express law, commanded, that no election should be made, no enterprise undertaken, witfa- flat first conaolting die soothsayers. With equal wisdom he •rdained, that no new divinities should be introdoced into pnhlic worship, that the priesthood should continue for fife, and that Aone shonM be elected into it before the age of fifty. ' He fort>ade them to mix fable witb the masteries of their reUgion ; the father had entire power over his offspring, both of fortune and fife; he conid ■ell them or imprison them at any time of their lives, or in any ttations to which they were arrived. The father might expose his clnldren, if bom witii any deformities, having previoasly eommunicated bis intentions to his five next of kindred. Our lawgiver seemed moze kind even to his enemies, for his subjectswere prt^hited from killing them after they bad surren-jnstioe. Aocordijigly to the number of ooriv he di- videdthe lands into thirty parts, reserving one portion for public uses, and another for religiaus ceremonies. Tbo «m-In this exiaeiatx, Romulus, by the advice of the se- nate, sent deputies among the Sabines, his neighbours, en- treatingtheir alliance, and upon these terms- preceded by sacrifices, and ended in' shows of wreeden, ^ft- diaton, and chariot-^onrses. The Salnnes, as he had ex- pected, he betrayera, frma being objects of aversion, soon became partners of their dearest affections. But however the afiront might have been botne by them, it was not BO easily pnt up by their parents; a bloody war ei^ sued. The cities of Cenioa, Antemna, and Cnutuminm, wen the &at who resolved to revenge the common cause, which the Salnses seemed too dilatory in pursuing. These, by making aeparate inroads, became a more easy conquest to Romulus, who first ovothrew the Ceoinenses, slew dieir king Acron in sio^ combat, -and made an offering of the royal spoils to Ju- piter Feretrius, on the spot where the capitol was afterwards built The Antemnates and Crustuminians shared the same. fate; their armies were overthrowu, and their cities takes. The conqueror, however, made the most merciful use of las victny; for instead (rf destroying their towns, or lessemi^l tbent nnmbeis, he only placed colonies of Romana in them, to. serve as a frontier to repress more distant invasions. Tattos, king of Cures, a Sabine city, was the last, althou^ the most formidable^ who undertook to cevuige the disgrace his country had suffered. He entered the Roman territoriea at the head of twenty-five thousand men| and not content with a superiority of forces, he added stratagem also. Tarpeia, who was daughter to the commander of. the Cajutolme hill, hap- pened to &11 into his hands, as she went without 4>e walls of the city to fetch water. Upon her he prevailed, by meant of hrga pttuSaet, to bebrajr aae of the ^^ates to his army. Tlie i«<irwd she eagdgei for was vfaat the soldiers wore on their atteB, by vfaich the meaot their bracelets. They, however, cotber miataking^ her meaning, or wiUing to panish her peifidy, ttvew tlieir bncklera upon her as they entered, and crushed ber to death beneath them. The Sabines, being thus possessed rinal hills, that the last engagement was fought between the Romans and the Sabines. The engem«it became general, and the slaughter prod^ioua, when the attention of both sides was suddenly turned from the scene of horror before them, to (mother infinitely more striking. The Sabine women, who h^ been carried off by the Romans, were seen with their hair loose and iheir ornaments neglected, fiying in between tbe comba- tants, regardless of their own danger, and with loud outcries only solicitous for that of their parents, their husbands, and their cUIdren. " If," cped ihey, " you are resolved upon daughter, turn your atma upon us, since we only are the cause <tf your animosity. If any must die, let it be us; since if oar parents orour husbands faU, we must be equally miserable in being the surviving cause." A spectacle so moving could not be resisted by the combatants; both sides for a wtiile, as if by mutual impulse, let fall their weapons, and beheld the distress - the evetlin^ with j(^ to be enrolled uiDoag the number of its ctttzens. RomfoloB saw his dominions and his sul^ects increased by more then half in the space of a few hours; and, as if fortune meant every way to assist hisgieatness, Tatins, his partner in the govem- ment, was killed about five years after by the Lavinians, for having protected some servants of his, who had plundered them and slain their ambassadors; so that by this accident Romulus once more saw himself sole monarch of Borne. Rome being greatly strengthened by this new acquisition of power, began to grow formidable to her neighbours ; and it -professed implicit obedience. The senate was partioH- larly displeased at his conduct, finding themselves only used as instrom^its to ratify the rigour of his commands. We are not told the precise manner which they made use of to get rid of the tyrant: some say that be was torn in pieces in the senate botise; otiters that he disappeared while reviewing his army: eertain it is, that from the secrecy of the fact, and the conceal- ment of the body, tbey took occasion to persuade the mnlti' tade, that he was taken np into heaven; thus him whom they oonld not bear as a king, tbey were contented t« worship as a god: Romnlns reigned tlnrty-L’Enneada, la lingua del contratto come requisite del patto sociale, la parola e il concetto, la formola della parola, verbum/res, res pubblica, communita, diritto comune, bene comune, l’ordine: primo stato dell’uomo in solitudine, l’ordine della famiglia: societa di inequali, padre/figlio, terzo stadio: la tribu di Romolo, la citta di Romolo, il paese di Romolo, il genero umano, diritto universale di Vico e Kant, Hampshire on Vico. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Colecchi” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51690057259/in/photolist-2mPrdWj-2mKF4aM-2mKGaqS-2mKw3hq-2mKEJsY
compreso fino in fondo il fondamento dell'essere, nella “mystica copulatio” raggiungibile attraverso la filosofia. La sua filosofia quindi, sembra unire una forte istanza metafisica a un'altrettanto forte istanza etica, cercando nel reale una fondamentale armonia di senso che è compito di ogni uomo, scopertala, riprodurre e preservare. Cf. G. Bruno, “De l'infinito, universo e mondi,” G. Bruno, “Praxis descensus seu applicatio entis,” D.Cantimori, “Storia ereticale” (G. Laterza). F. Bolgiani, “Ortodossia ed eresia: il problema storiografico nella storia e la situazione ortodossia-eresia agli inizi della storia https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51742827494/in/datetaken/
del combattimento e le relative conseguenze sono identiche. Note Modifica ^ Tito Livio, Ab Urbe condita libri, I, 48. Is quibusdam piacularibus sacrificiis factis quae deinde genti Horatiae tradita sunt, transmisso per viam tigillo, capite adoperto velut sub iugum misit iuvenem. ^ Osservazioni sulla repressione criminale romana in età regia, di Bernardo Santalucia, pag.45, § 5 ^ Osservazioni sulla repressione criminale romana in età regia, di Bernardo Santalucia, pag.46, § 6 Altri progetti Modifica Collabora a Wikiquote Wikiquote contiene citazioni di o su Orazi e Curiazi Collegamenti esterni Modifica ( EN ) Orazi e Curiazi, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Modifica su Wikidata Controllo di autorità
eromenos, Bacchus eromenon , the symbolism of the promise, to rescue her mother from hell the role of the widow, female widow, Bacco’s duty to keep his promise. The echo of the sentence, ‘you probably passed it’ – ‘the lake’ the grave. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51686202260/in/photolist-2mSEtHs-2mSMmGg-2mSsmMU-2mRjrN1-2mQPiYS-2mQAguG-2mQxzwE-2mQjVch-2mPTNKh-2mPJYbw-2mPvJmk-2mNzeEc-2mN1wvj-2mMZzKx-2mMRLT9-2mPnLLb-2mLD3NK-2mKTjot-2mLznXk-2mKDUFV-2mKSk8n-2mKM1De-2mPYoE5-2mKG3XG-2mKRy6y-2mKRu2r-2mKbok1-2mJpFSS-CkaHMd-hSTpSd-2mKfEK1-2mKj3f2-2mKkidh-2mKbDfw-2mKgF2t-2cu7Hur-DcDDsS-AJp6ja-jkW6UL-jkLbzM-jkL81T-jkTfPx-jkTLNG-jkMzHr-jkNwNs-jfXqCL-jhL2qR-jhLapC-hJHSQv-hJGf7v
daughter. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Collini” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51689833619/in/photolist-2mKDUFV
move, the ‘nuova’ stella is a misnomer: it has always existed; bodies float or sink according to their shape. Aristotle’s reasons never sink because they are square. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Colombe” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51691918564/in/photolist-2mMLXtT-2mKQAtf
Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51773078394/in/dateposted-public/
Speranza, “Grice e Colonna” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51690250830/in/photolist-2mKG3Hd-2mKG3XG-2mKCcV2-2mKM1De-2mKS9tM-2mKAuZM-2mKjqrr-2mKk6t5-2mPHbXQ-2mJpFSS-2mJd7nN-2mJ4GHU-2mJ3q6x-GD1xEj-GieDt8-21eQVvk-G9arP4-Ecrffr-Dw1w1R-zLGm5K-CRAGiK-DeWyrT-CkaHMd-Bq5Mgn-BpZwpi-CntuMM-CntseF-BLCQcz-BvUfSB-sHYGWT-t1qUT6-nRruyQ-o5KVBK-o659Mu-o41Q2J-o41RkA-nHyQfP-nWiomo-nU3wiH-nW81MD-nUg48Y-nBRGTN-nrkR6c-nqrYFq-mumsKZ-munJib-mukUvF-mujsEe-muk4iR-jkN2VC
voce, voce come sinonimo di parola, o espressione – una ‘voce toscana’ -- ‘la voce umana’ – ‘sine voce’ – the voiceless – voce come schema distintivo – voiced and voiceless – nome come voce, verbo come voce, predicamento. Voce come SIMBOLO dell’afezione dell’animo, ma SCRITTURA come SEGNO della voce --. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Colonnello” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51770947363/in/dateposted-public/
funziono, e le ombreggiature contribuiscono alla per- fezione del quadro. Cfr. p. 4(5 ss. Eugenio Colorni. Colorni. Parole chiave: diadologia, il concetto dell’individuo, l’idealismo filosofico como malatia, indice alla malatia metafisica, scritti filosofici curati da Bobbio, scienza unificata, ebreo-italiano, ebreo-britannico Ayer, circolo di Vienna, Reichenbach, Hilbert, Eddington. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Colorni” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51716305145/in/photolist-2mMZzKx-2mLLEoX-2mLJCwP-2mLLE12
giudicare, giuridicare, impiego, employ (as noun), employ-ment, empiegamento, Conte e Wright – Wright cited by Grice, alethic --. Wright on change cited by Grice in “Actions and Events”, Mario Casotti, Volere, Grice, Volere --. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Conte” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51771571040/in/dateposted-public/
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ascetismo, ascecis, zorzi, riva beata, Pater, Essay on Style by Pater, Da Vinci, Morelli, la nudita eroica d’Enea – Luigi Ratini. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Conti” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51689647098/in/photolist-2mKCXf3-2mKwo7R-2mJTejc-2mJPC2N-2mJLMNt-2mJpFSS-2mJq2uE-2mJd7nN-2mJe9QJ-2mJ4GHU-2mJ3q6x-2mHGgw3-2mGT6p1-2mGnP2f-2mEuJp2-G9arP4-F7umuM-FKTBHc-EWwuBz-FPukH3-2mEd2LM-2c1JZ8H-EYAmFu-DsyMMT-XBz4hS-GXpTrQ-G7oMm2-G55xdb-FJVKRC-G3tvCn-FcebeC-FbXzmb-FVhkL3-FrCxMd-FRG5RT-FrCZu5-FrzFUS-FrztMA-EWhoRW-EWfq4E-EWi5VJ-FHy2uy-FKUfQi-FHzDvu-EWsxCx-FPp1Mh-EWhxeC-EWwAY2-FHzevW-EWrRgF
1986, pp. 39-1 18) ZELLER, E. 1865 Philosophie der Griechen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwick- -68 lung, Fues's Verlag, Leipzig (voli. I-III)Augusto Conti. Keywords: filosofia romana, la semiotica di Cicerone. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Conti” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51688364997/in/photolist-2mKwo7R-2mJTejc-2mJPC2N-2mJLMNt-2mJpFSS-2mJq2uE-2mJd7nN-2mJe9QJ-2mJ4GHU-2mJ3q6x-2mHGgw3-2mGT6p1-2mGnP2f-2mEuJp2-G9arP4-F7umuM-FKTBHc-EWwuBz-FPukH3-2mEd2LM-2c1JZ8H-EYAmFu-DsyMMT-XBz4hS-GXpTrQ-G7oMm2-G55xdb-FJVKRC-G3tvCn-FcebeC-FbXzmb-FVhkL3-FrCxMd-FRG5RT-FrCZu5-FrzFUS-FrztMA-EWhoRW-EWfq4E-EWi5VJ-FHy2uy-FKUfQi-FHzDvu-EWsxCx-FPp1Mh-EWhxeC-EWwAY2-FHzevW-EWrRgF-EWtXSn
esseri, Hegel contraddetto, il bello, pulchrum, archeo-scolastici, paleo-scolastici, Aquino, aristotele, il vero, l’errore di Croce, l’equivoco di Croce, percezione del bello, l’armonia e il bello, del storicismo alla storiosofia, storiosofia o filosofia della storia, interpretazione dommatica di Aquino, la negazione di hegel, il concetto puro di Hegel, la negazione come metodo in Hegel, nihilismo e negazione in Hegel, l’errore di Hegel, il sofisma di Hegel, Gentile e il bello. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Contri” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51771134010/in/dateposted-public/
and Empedocles : the first An- thropologist.Gilberto Corbellini. Keywords: darwinismo politizzato, Dawkins’ selfish gene – read selfish gene – medicina in Roma antica -- evoluzione, emergentismo, biologia filosofica, grammatical del vivente, cooperazione, altruismo, razionalita, utilitarismo, darwinismo sociale, evolluzione, filosofia dell’evoluzione, progresso ed evoluzione. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Corbellini” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51770795219/in/dateposted-public/
Roberto Cordeschi. Cordeschi. Keywords: la logica della guerra, la guerra del fascismo, Croce, sperimentalismo italiano, mente, homo mechanicus, Turing, Craik, artificiale e naturale, filosofia, rappresentare il concetto, logica matematica, reiezione in Aristotele, predicate, significato, communicazione, creativita, informazione. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cordeschi” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51770728714/in/dateposted-public/
modalita. Il nome sostantivo, il nome addgietivo, il avverbo, le particelle, la congiunzione, il vocative “o” – la forma del giudizio e la proposizione semplice “S e P” – modelo filosofico dello svilupo del signare communicativamente – dello spontaneo (arbitrio duale tacito) al arbitrio duale, l’idea di un gesto come SEGNO di una affezione dell’animo – DUALISMO? Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Corleo” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51688363832/in/photolist-2mPCmeg-2mLEs8a-2mKwnLL
2mJTeiW-2mJS9aq-2mJJzhP-2mJTejc-2mJTej2-2mJS9aR-2mJS9bx-2mJTem1-2mJTej7-2mJqjKS-nBUkrk-nWUtwa-nBUyfE-nCw1cC-nURj7V-nUffV5-nCGcVs-nV8RFY-nBTinq-nBU5Mk-nW9NpP-nSkrdq-nUhwDY-nUnQ24-nU4UKV-nVgpvB-nUY39P-nUmNhz-nCM7PB-nUWSKv-nBT68x-nV9nob-nBMGGc-nBMHuK-nD898Q-nD7Rpi-nUfDAD-nBM7tR-nUazns-nU96Ze-nVVvb6
parti piene di ornamento, in altre di purità, come par, che si con- venga alla materia. Tasso. Tasso. Cornello. Keywords: l’arte del dialogo. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Tasso”, “Grice e Cornello” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51722871363/in/photolist-2mNzeEc-2mMVgsX-2mMVgGz-2mMTVCg-2mMUd42-2mMVhRZ-2mMYn7i-2mMYo8b-2mLP9qE-2mLQ1Vx-2mKNGew-2mKDwcr-2mGnP2f-2mKySc9-2mKC6W3-mbpshr-mbrMFJ-mbpPpD-mboJD8-mbqBen
questa mia fatica, e sappi, ch’io resto soprabondevolmente pagato col piacere di avervi servito. Vivi felice. Vincenzo Corrado. Corrado. Keywords: la dieta di Crotone, il cibo pitagorico, il concetto di conversazione galante, gala --. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Corrado” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51770502359/in/dateposted-public/
Verlag, Leipzig (voli. I-III)Odoardo Corsini. Edoardo Corsini. Silvestro Corsini. Corsini. Keywords: Romolo e Remo, segni naturali, segni artificiale, i segni, il segno di Romolo. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Corsini” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51690387482/in/photolist-2mJ4GHU-2mKGKkh
Modifica (IT) Meteo Aeronautica Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare (IT) AMPRO Associazione Meteo Professionisti Organizzazioni internazionali Modifica ( EN , FR , RU , ES , ZH , AR ) World Meteorological Organization Organizzazione Meteorologica Mondiale (EN) European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Centro europeo per le previsioni meteo a medio termine (EN) Eumetnet Raggruppamento di 29 servizi meteo nazionali europei (EN) Eumetsat Organizzazione europea per i satelliti meteorologici (EN) EMS European Meteological Society Controllo di autorità Thesaurus BNCF 10921 · LCCN( EN ) sh85084334 · GND ( DE ) 4038953-4 ·BNF ( FR ) cb11932496x (data) · J9U( EN , HE ) 987007529316105171 (topic) · NDL( EN , JA ) 00566014 Portale Speranza, “Grice e Cortese” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51770444479/in/dateposted-public/
poetica, Mazzini, Pomponazzi, Cardano --. Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Corvaglia” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51717194455/in/photolist-2mNaHiH-2mN22TL-2mN597t/
l’accordo, il secolare/il sacro; profane/sacro – secolare; archetipo, il filosofo come gentiluomo, l’obbediente, il disobbediente, il consensus, il disensus, to obey, conflitto, mediazione, diritto (right), giure, giurato – legatum, vendetta, giudicare, fare giustizia, vendetta conversazionale, natura, naturalita, non-naturale, legge naturale gius naturale, giusnaturalismo, fenomenologia del giurato; normato naturale? Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cosi” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51770000218/in/dateposted-public/
mutuality – Grice against Schiffer – Grice scared by ‘mutual knowledge’ – and using it in scare quotes (“Such monsters as Schiffer’s ‘mutual knowledge’ have been proposed to replace my regress when there’s nothing wrong with stopping it elsewise!” Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cosmacini” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51770578255/in/dateposted-public/
Portale Linguistica Portale Sociologia Ultima modifica 11 mesi fa di Mtarch11 PAGINE CORRELATE Pregiudizio Strutturalismo (filosofia) movimento filosofico Le parole e le cose Libro di Michel Foucault del 1966 Wikipedia Il contenutoV. Cosmi. Giovanni Agostino De Cosmi. Giovanni Cosmi. R Cosmi. Keywords: metodo dei principi generali del discorso, discorso, discursus -- Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cosmi” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51770487810/in/photolist-2mSMhnq-2mS1rKF-2mNaHiH-2mMV7by-2mMLXtT-2mLEwYs-2mKBEmt-2mPhuNk-2mKC3nj-2mKCewV-2mKAuZM-2mJpFSS-2mJe9QJ-2mGnP2f-Bq5PrV-CntuMM
segmentale, stress – Grice’s examples: “Smith kicked the cat” – “Smith didn’t pay the bill. Nowell did.” “Smith didn’t pay the bill”. “I knew it” “I love her” -- segno, nonlinearita, codice, soprasegmento. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cosottini” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51769469536/in/photolist-2mSG4EY
– The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51702675055/in/photolist-2mLMHZZ-2mKApHn-E4u3XA-Dw1w1R-Bq5Z5y-CnttUK-nUj619-nBUubW-hSTpSd-G7oMm2-G55xdb-DeWyrT-CnAGLH-CnAwSe-Bq5WiS-BP5SQX-BP5RLx-Cd2bAj-CkhJ9S-CkaHMd-CfbuaM-Bq5Mgn-BVfXy9-BpU9Z4-BNM5Tv-CnttHx-CntuMM-CntseF-CkaGvL-BpXSw7-Bq4Qqv-BNWG9n-BnHAG1-BnL2uc-CdAEaL-CfWKjF-CdDizG-C5w76F-p3gA2D-ofCmSF-ofJrso-ofUXeP-oevzEE-ofQJ3g-nNzkWw-o7QPSt-o5WCN5-o41RkA-o5yjTn-nPvfXy
Zarathustra, il singolo della diada, l’uno e i molti, nolere, nolitum, volitum, amore/morte, eros/tanatos, immagine sacra, imaginatum, essere, un essere, due esseri, le due esseri entrambi – rivelazione – la rivelazione filosofica – a new discourse on metaphysics: from genesis to revelations – un nuovo discorso di metafisica: del genesi alle rivelazione. – Zarathustra e cristita -- nollere in Schopenhauer --. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Costanzi” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51770174255/in/dateposted-public/
Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51769448478/in/dateposted-public/
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ateniense a roma, influenza dell’academia nell’elite romana – l’accademia come perfezionamento per la dirigenza romana, Wundt, positivismo, suggestione, i primordii del kantismo in Italia, Hegel vacuo. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Credaro” – The Swimming-Pool Librrary. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51631460511/in/photolist-2mEuJp2
is brilliant – his philosophy of history is controversial. Keywords: la filosofia dell’impero romano, impero, impero romano, impero britannico, funzione dell’impero, funzione storica dell’impero, filosofia imperial, imperialismo, imperialismo romano, imperialism britannico, post-imperialismo, Antonino. Filosofia della storia – aporie, lingua latina, impero romano, lingua nazionale, nazione romana, nazione italiana, lingua italiana, lingua fiorentina, lingua toscana, toscano, -- Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Crespi e Grice” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51767645268/in/dateposted-public/
Crespo
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obstructed, a medicinable oil. It was the same people who, in the gray, austere evening of that day, took up his remains, and buried them secretly, with their accustomed prayers ; but with joy also, holding his death, according to their generous view in this matter, to have been of the nature of a martyrdom ; and martyrdom, as the church had always said, a kind of sacrament with plenary grace. 1881-1884. THE END Printed by R. & R. CLARK LIMITED, Edinburgh. PR Corrado Curcio. Curcio. Keywords: esistenti -- Lucrezio, Foscolo, Leopardi, Alighieri, Gentile, Diano, Sicilian philosophy. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Curcio” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51768264130/in/dateposted-public/
Milano, Rizzoli, 1977, ISBN 88-17-86637-7. (Libro del grande storico delle religioni, che per primo rivalutò Marte da feroce dio emulo di Ares a divinità più originale e importante). James Hillman, Un terribile amore per la guerra, Milano, Adelphi, 2005, ISBN 978-88-459-1954-1.(Un libro che dimostra come questo dio sia presente nelle guerre contemporanee). Jacqueline Champeux, La religione dei romani, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2002, ISBN 978-88-15-08464-4. Voci correlate Modifica Ares Divinità della guerra Flamine marziale Fauno Marte (astronomia) Mamerte Pico (mitologia) Hachiman Altri progetti Modifica Collabora a Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Marte Collegamenti esterni“Grice e Curi” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51768019629/in/dateposted-public/
tra la morale e l’economia; deve quindi di necessita ingenerarne eziandio tra il Diritto e l’economia” (p.56). Stefano Cusani. Cusani. Keywords: l’assoluto, il relativo, spirito soggetivo, spiriti soggetivi, spirito oggetivo, storiografia filosofica di Cousin, unita latitudinale della filosofia, l’assoluto di Bradley, Hamilton, l’obbjezione all’assoluto, l’essere e la metafisica, gl’esseri e la metafisica, economia e morale, la fenomenologia, il fatto di coscienza intersoggetiva, hegelismo, Vico, Galluppi, Mamiami, Colecchi, Rosmini. Refs.: Luigi Speranza, “Grice e Cusani” – The Swimming-Pool Library. https://www.flickr.com/photos/102162703@N02/51690273430/in/photolist-2mLQc9e-2mPrdWj-2mKBFeq-2mKGaqS-2mKG3XG-2mKbpiZ
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