Don Fallis on Griceian 'White' Lies

By JLS
for the GC

Don Fallis is a Professor of Philosophy, at the University of Arizona, and his research focuses on Grice's lies.

His PhD dissertation was "a Defense of a Probabilistic Method of Establishing Mathematical Truths". Note the emphasis on truth, rather than falsehood ("I was naive then.")

His main work on Grice includes chapters on both Lying and Deception:

"What is Lying?", Journal of Philosophy, 106, 1, (2009): 29-56.1

"Lying and Deception", Philosophers' Imprint, 10, 11, (2010).

"The Most Terrific Liar You Ever Saw in Your Life", The Catcher in the Rye and
Philosophy, eds. Keith Dromm and Heather Salter, Open Court, forthcoming.

"Lies, Incorporated", Philip K. Dick and Philosophy, ed. Dylan Wittkower, Open Court, forthcoming.

"The Many Faces of Deception", Sherlock Holmes and Philosophy, ed. Josef Steiff, Open Court, forthcoming.

"Veritistic Social Epistemology and Information Science", Social Epistemology, 14, 4, (2000): 305-316.2

"Goldman on Probabilistic Inference", Philosophical Studies, 109, 3, (2002): 223-240.
(with Gerrard Liddell) "Further Results on Inquiry and Truth Possession", Statistics and Probability Letters, 60, 2, (2002): 169-182.

"Epistemic Value Theory and Information Ethics", Minds and Machines, 14, 1, (2004): 101-117.3

"On Verifying the Accuracy of Information: Philosophical Perspectives", Library Trends, 52, 3, (2004): 463-487.

"Epistemic Value Theory and Judgment Aggregation", Episteme, 2, 1, (2005): 39-55.

"The Epistemic Costs and Benefits of Collaboration", Southern Journal of Philosophy, 44, S, (2006): 197-208.

"Epistemic Value Theory and Social Epistemology", Episteme, 2, 3, (2006): 177-188.

"Social Epistemology and Information Science", Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, ed. Blaise Cronin, Information Today, 40, (2006): 475-519.

"Probability as a Guide to Poker", Poker and Philosophy, ed. Eric Bronson, Open Court, (2006): 93-104.4

"Epistemic Value Theory and the Digital Divide", Information Technology and Social Justice, eds. Emma Rooksby and John Weckert, Idea Group, (2007): 29-46.5

"Attitudes Toward Epistemic Risk and the Value of Experiments", Studia Logica, 86, 2, (2007): 215-246.

"Collective Epistemic Goals", Social Epistemology, 21, 3, (2007): 267-280.

"Toward an Epistemology of Intellectual Property", Journal of Information Ethics, 16, 2, (2007): 34-51.6

(with Adam Arico, Nathan Ballantyne, Matt Bedke, Jacob Caton, Ian Evans, Brian Fiala, Martin Frické, David Glick, Peter Gross, Terry Horgan, Jenann Ismael, John Pollock, Daniel Sanderman, Paul Thorn, Orlin Vakarelov) "An Objectivist Argument for Thirdism", Analysis, 68, 2, (2008): 149-155.

"Toward an Epistemology of Wikipedia", Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59, 10, (2008): 1662-1674.

(with Dennis Whitcomb) "Epistemic Values and Information Management", The Information Society, 25, 3, (2009): 175-189.

"Taking the Two Envelope Paradox to the Limit", Southwest Philosophy Review, 25, 2, (2009): 95-111.

"Wikipistemology", Social Epistemology: Essential Readings, eds. Alvin Goldman and Dennis Whitcomb, Oxford University Press, (2011): 297-313.7
on Philosophy of Mathematics:

"Mathematical Proof and the Reliability of DNA Evidence", American Mathematical Monthly, 103, 6, (1996): 491-497.8

"The Source of Chaitin's Incorrectness", Philosophia Mathematica (3), 4, 3, (1996): 261-269.

"The Epistemic Status of Probabilistic Proof", Journal of Philosophy, 94, 4, (1997): 165-186.9

"The Reliability of Randomized Algorithms", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 51, 2, (2000): 255-271.

"What Do Mathematicians Want?: Probabilistic Proofs and the Epistemic Goals of Mathematicians", Logique et Analyse, 45, 179-180, (2002): 373-388.10

"Intentional Gaps in Mathematical Proofs", Synthese, 134, 1-2, (2003): 45-69.

"Probabilistic Proofs and the Collective Epistemic Goals of Mathematicians", Collective Epistemology, eds. Hans Bernard Schmid, Marcel Weber, and Daniel Sirtes, Ontos, (2011): 157-175.

(with Martin Frické and Kay Mathiesen) "The Ethical Presuppositions Behind the Library Bill of Rights", Library Quarterly, 70, 4, (2000): 468-491.11
"Information Ethics for 21st Century Library Professionals", Library Hi Tech, 25, 1, (2007): 23-36.
(with Kay Mathiesen) "Information Ethics and the Library Profession", Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics, eds. Herman Tavani and Kenneth Himma, Wiley, (2008): 221-244.

(with Martin Frické) "Indicators of Accuracy of Consumer Health Information on the Internet", Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 9, 1, (2002): 73-79.12
(with Martin Frické) "Verifiable Health Information on the Internet", Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 43, 4, (2002): 262-269.
(with Martin Frické) "Indicators of Accuracy for Answers to Ready Reference Questions on the Internet", Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55, 3, (2004): 238-245.
(with Martin Frické, Marci Jones, and Gianna M. Luszko) "Consumer Health Information on the Internet about Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Indicators of Accuracy", American Journal of Medicine, 118, 2, (2005): 168-174.
Papers in Conference Proceedings:
"Signaling Theory and Internet Epistemology", Proceedings of WebNet - World Conference of the WWW, Internet, and Intranet, Charlottesville, Virginia: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, (1998).
"Inaccurate Consumer Health Information on the Internet: Criteria for Evaluating Potential Solutions", Proceedings of the Annual Symposium of the American Medical Informatics Association, Bethesda, Maryland: American Medical Informatics Association, (1999).
(with Kay Mathiesen) "Consistency Rules for Classification Schemes", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of the International Society for Knowledge Organization, Germany: Ergon Verlag, (2000).
"Social Epistemology and LIS: How to Clarify Our Epistemic Objectives", Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Canadian Association for Information Science, Québec, Canada: Canadian Association for Information Science, (2001).
"Clarifying the Epistemic Objectives of Mathematicians", Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Mathematics, Québec, Canada: Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Mathematics, (2001).
(with Martin Frické) "Verifiable Health Information on the Internet", Proceedings of AusWeb02 - 8th Australian World Wide Web Conference, Queensland, Australia: Southern Cross University, (2002).
"Social Epistemology and the Digital Divide", Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology, 37, Sydney, Australia: Australian Computer Society, (2004).
(with Martin Frické) "Indicators of Accuracy of Consumer Health Information on the Internet: A Review of One Approach and its Results", Proceedings of Mednet - World Congress on Internet in Medicine, Toronto, Canada: JMIR Publications, (2006).
"A Conceptual Analysis of Disinformation", Proceedings of the iConference, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: iSchools Organization, (2009).
Cited but Unpublished Manuscripts:
"Erring on the Side of Credulity"13
Comments on "Goldman on Knowledge as True Belief"14

(with Martin Frické) "Not by Library School Alone", Library Journal, 124, 17, (1999): 44-45.15
(with Martin Frické) "Teach Theory & Skills", Library Journal, 125, 4, (2000): 8.
(with Kay Mathiesen) Response to "A Utilitarian Case for Intellectual Freedom in Libraries" by Tony Doyle, Library Quarterly, 71, 3, (2001): 437-438.
Introduction to a special issue on "Social Epistemology and Information Science", Social Epistemology, 16, 1, (2002): 1-4.
(with Martin Frické) Reply to "Consumer Health Information on the Internet", Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 9, 4, (2002): 403-405.
Reply to "What is the Goal of Proof?" by Aaron Lercher, Logique et Analyse, 45, 179-180, (2002): 397-398.
Introduction to a special issue on "The Epistemology of Mass Collaboration", Episteme, 6, 1, (2009).

Review of a special issue of Educational Studies in Mathematics on "Aspects of Proof", Journal of Symbolic Logic, 63, 3, (1998): 1196-1200.
Review of Goodbye, Descartes by Keith Devlin, Mathematical Intelligencer, 21, 2, (1999): 70-72.
Review of The Language of First-Order Logic and Hyperproof by Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy, Journal of Symbolic Logic, 64, 2, (1999): 916-918.
(with Kay Mathiesen) Review of The Cambridge Quintet by John Casti, Mathematical Intelligencer, 21, 3, (1999): 77-79.
(with Kay Mathiesen) Review of Doing Internet Research edited by Steve Jones, Journal of Documentation, 56, 5, (2000): 589-591.
Review of "All That Glitters": Prospecting for Information in the Changing Library World edited by Steven Vincent and Sue K. Norman, Library Quarterly, 71, 3, (2001): 402-403.
Review of The Problem of Information by Douglas Raber, Library Quarterly, 75, 1, (2005): 94-96.
Review of On Bullshit by Harry Frankfurt, Library Quarterly, 75, 3, (2005): 383-384.
Review of The Economic Naturalist by Robert H. Frank, Library Quarterly, 79, 3, (2009), 379-382.

His WORK IN PROGRESS includes:

(with Adam Arico)

"Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics: An Empirical Study of the Concept of Lying"

"What Liars Can Tell Us About Assertion"

"What Liars Can Tell Us About the Knowledge Norm of Practical Reasoning"

"An Analysis of Disinformation"

"What is Deceptive Lying?"

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"Lying and Grice's Maxims of Quality"

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"Floridi on Disinformation"

"Epistemic Value Theory and Deception"

"A Gricean Approach to Bullshit"

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SCHOLARLY PRESENTATIONS
Colloquia:
"The Source of Chaitin's Incorrectness", Department of Philosophy, University of California, Irvine, 1991.
"The Epistemic Status of Probabilistic Proof", School of Information Resources and Library Science, University of Arizona, 1997.16
"A Theory of Verifiable Information", Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona, 1999.17
"The Epistemic Value of Ignorance", Department of Philosophy, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 1999.
"Social Epistemology, Decision Theory, and Information Science", (invited lecture), NEH Summer Seminar on "Philosophical Foundations of Social Epistemology", University of Arizona, 2000.18
"The Economics of Information Goods", Department of Business Administration and Economics, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2000.
"Epistemology as Value Theory", Department of Philosophy and Religion, James Madison University, 2001.19
"Epistemic Value Theory and Information Services", Department of Philosophy, University of Washington, 2003.20
"Epistemic Goals, Triviality, and Preference Change", Department of Philosophy, University of Miami, 2004.21
"Epistemic Values and Information Policies", School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, 2005.22
"What is Lying? Why Chisholm and Feehan were Almost Right", Department of Philosophy, Wayne State University, 2006.
"What is Lying?", Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, University of California, Irvine, 2008.23
"Sherlock Holmes and the Many Faces of Deception", School of Information Resources and Library Science, University of Arizona, 2010.

Conference Presentations:
"A Defense of a Probabilistic Method of Establishing Mathematical Truths", 10th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Florence, Italy, 1995.24
"Mathematical Proof and the Reliability of DNA Evidence", Annual Meeting of the Texas Section of the Mathematical Association of America, Lubbock, Texas, 1996.25
"Rationality, Human Nature, and Hobbes' Third Law", Annual Meeting of the Metaphysical Society of America, Nashville, Tennessee, 1997.
"Intentional Gaps in Mathematical Proofs", International Meeting on Logic and Mathematical Reasoning, Mexico City, Mexico, 1997.26
"Trailblazing and Trail Following: An Essay on Mathematical Proof", Spring Meeting of the Southwestern Section of the Mathematical Association of America, Tucson, Arizona, 1998.
"The Reliability of Randomized Algorithms", Workshop on "Probabilistic Logic and Randomised Computation", 10th European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information, Saarbruecken, Germany, 1998.27
"Signaling Theory and Internet Epistemology", WebNet-98 - World Conference of the WWW, Internet, and Intranet, Orlando, Florida, 1998.28
"How to Make Information on the Internet More Verifiable", Mid-Year Meeting of the American Society for Information Science, Pasadena, California, 1999.
"Inaccurate Consumer Health Information on the Internet: Criteria for Evaluating Potential Solutions", Annual Symposium of the American Medical Informatics Association, Washington, DC, 1999.
"Goldman's V-value and the Declining Marginal Utility of Truth", Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2000.
(with Kay Mathiesen) "Consistency Rules for Classification Schemes", 6th International Conference of the International Society for Knowledge Organization, Toronto, Canada, 2000.
"Measures of Epistemic Utility and the Value of Experiments", 17th Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Vancouver, Canada, 2000.29
"Goldman on Probabilistic Inference (or Who Shot Miles Archer?)", Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, San Francisco, California, 2001.
"Social Epistemology and LIS: How to Clarify Our Epistemic Objectives", 29th Annual Conference of the Canadian Association for Information Science, Québec, Canada, 2001.
"Information Science and Epistemic Utility Theory", Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Washington, DC, 2001.
(with Martin Frické) "Verifiable Health Information on the Internet", AusWeb02 - 8th Australian World Wide Web Conference, Queensland, Australia, 2002.30
"What Do Mathematicians Want?: Probabilistic Proofs and the Epistemic Goals of Mathematicians", Eastern Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2002.31
(with Kay Mathiesen) "What Do We Know?: Collective Knowledge and Collective Knowers", 5th St. Louis Philosophy of Social Science Roundtable, St. Louis, Missouri, 2003.32
"Information Ethics and Epistemology", Information Ethics Roundtable, North Adams, Massachusetts, 2003.
"Epistemic Value Theory and the Economics of the Digital Divide", Computing and Philosophy Conference, Canberra, Australia, 2003.
"Teaching Ethics for Information Professionals", Annual Conference of the American Library Association, Orlando, Florida, 2004.
(with Kay Mathiesen) "Collective Epistemic Goals", Collective Intentionality IV, Siena, Italy, 2004.
"The Epistemology of Intellectual Property", Information Ethics Roundtable, Montclair, New Jersey, 2005.33
"How Valuable is True Belief? A Critique of Goldman's Veritistic Value Theory", Spring Meeting of the New Jersey Regional Philosophical Association, Glassboro, New Jersey, 2005.
"Epistemic Value Theory and Judgment Aggregation", (invited lecture), Episteme Conference on Social Epistemology, Amherst, Massachusetts, 2005.34
"Applied Epistemology and Philosophy of Information", European Computing and Philosophy Conference, Trondheim, Norway, 2006.
"Applying Epistemology to Information Policy Decisions", Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Austin, Texas, 2006.35
"Toward an Epistemology of Wikipedia", Knowledge Rights and Information Sharing in the 21st Century, Orlando, Florida, 2008.36
"Resolving Horgan's Strengthened Two Envelope Paradox", Central Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Chicago, Illinois, 2008.
"Probabilistic Proofs and the Collective Epistemic Goals of Mathematicians", Workshop on Collective Epistemology, Basel, Switzerland, 2008.
"A Conceptual Analysis of Disinformation", iConference, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 2009.37
"A Gricean Approach to Bullshit", Philosophy Club, University of Arizona, 2009.

(with Adam Arico) "Folk Intuitions about Lying", Information Ethics Roundtable, Tucson, Arizona, 2009.
"The Social Epistemology of Disinformation", Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Vancouver, Canada, 2009.38
"Ethics for 21st Century Library Professionals", IV Jornado Bibliotecológica de Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico, 2009.
"An Analysis of Disinformation", Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2010.
"What is Deceptive Lying?", Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, San Diego, California, 2011.
"Lying, Deception, and Conversational Norms", (invited lecture), Workshop on "Lying, Saying, and Meaning", Oslo, Norway, 2011.

Commentaries:
Comments on "Toward a More Truly Social Epistemology" by William Talbott, Conference In Honor of Alvin Goldman, Tucson, Arizona, 2001.
Comments on "Welfare, Voting and the Constitution of a Federal Assembly: A Monte Carlo Simulation" by Luc Bovens, Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Seattle, Washington, 2002.
Comments on "Goldman on Knowledge as True Belief" by Pierre Le Morvan, Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Pasadena, California, 2004.
Comments on "Do Indigenous Peoples Have a Right to Cultural Privacy?" by Michael Brown, Information Ethics Roundtable, North Adams, Massachusetts, 2004.
Comments on "How to Collaborate" by Paul Thagard, Spindel Conference on Social Epistemology, Memphis, Tennessee, 2005.
Comments on "Prisoner's Dilemma: The Hard Problem" by Lee Shepski, Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Portland, Oregon, 2006.
Comments on “Margins of Error in Value Comparisons” by Nicolas Espinoza, Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, San Francisco, California, 2007.
Comments on "The Verizon v. RIAA Case Revisted: Some Further Reflections on the Tension between Privacy and Property Interests" by Frances Grodzinsky, Information Ethics Roundtable, New York, New York, 2008.
Comments on "The Measure of Knowledge" by Nick Treanor, Bellingham Summer Philosophy Conference, Bellingham, Washington, 2009.
Comments on "Reflection and Social Metacognition" by Christopher Lepock, Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, San Francisco, California, 2010.
Comments on "Moorean Sentences, Sincerity and Norms of Assertion" by Alexander Pruss, Central Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2011.


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GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
Research Grant ($500), Organized Research Initiative on Scientific Explanation, University of California, Irvine, 1994.
Foreign Travel Grant ($1,000), Association for Symbolic Logic, 1995.
Foreign Travel Grant (seven times), International Affairs, University of Arizona, 1997-2006.
ALISE Research Grant Award for "Verifiable Health Information on the Internet" (50% effort; co-PI; $5,000), Association for Library and Information Science Education, 2000.
Stipend to participate in an NEH Summer Seminar on "Proofs and Refutations in Mathematics Today" at Case Western Reserve University ($3,700), National Endowment for the Humanities, 2001.
Information Science and Information Technology (TRIF) Grant for research on "Verifiable Health Information on the Internet" (50% effort; co-PI; $8,000), University of Arizona, 2002.
Information Science and Information Technology (TRIF) Grant for research on "Identifying Health Expertise on the Internet" (50% effort; co-PI; $10,000), University of Arizona, 2002.
Academic Year Proposal Development Award for "An Epistemological Framework for Evaluating Information Technology" ($4,000), University of Arizona, 2004.
Mini-Conference Grant to put on the 2006 Information Ethics Roundtable (25% effort, co-PI, $1,900), American Philosophical Association, 2005.
Grant to host 2007 ISI Samuel Lazerow Memorial Lecture ($1,500), Thomson Scientific, 2006.
International Visitors Fund Grant to host 2007 ISI Samuel Lazerow Memorial Lecture ($400), University of Arizona, 2006.
Grant to put on the 2007 Information Ethics Roundtable on "Indigenous Knowledge and Cultural Property" (50% effort, co-PI, $8000), Morris K. Udall Foundation, 2006.
Grant to put on the 2007 Information Ethics Roundtable (50% effort, co-PI, $1000), Arizona Library Association, 2007.
Grant to host 2008 ISI Samuel Lazerow Memorial Lecture ($1,500), Thomson Scientific, 2007.
Unit Research Activity Funding (URAF) Grant to put on the 2009 Information Ethics Roundtable on "Misinformation and Disinformation" (50% effort, co-PI, $5000), College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2008.
Grant to put on the 2009 Information Ethics Roundtable (50% effort, co-PI, $1000), Arizona Library Association, 2008.
Foreign Travel Grant ($250), U.S. Consulate General Tijuana, 2009.


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TEACHING EXPERIENCE
Instructor:
Decision Making for Library and Information Professionals,
Information Quality,

Social Epistemology and Information Science,
Ethics for Library and Information Professionals,
Verifiable Information,
Economics of Information,
Systems Analysis and Evaluation,
Knowledge Structures,
Operations Research for Libraries,
Game Theory and Information, at the University of Arizona, 1997-present.
Logic and Critical Thinking, at Fullerton College, 1997.
Knowledge and the Information Age, at the Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2003.
Teaching Associate:
Humanities Core Course, at the University of California, Irvine, 1992 and 1994.
Teaching Assistant:
Symbolic Logic,
Contemporary Moral Problems,
Problems of Philosophy,
Introduction to Ethics,
Medieval Philosophy,
Contemporary Philosophy,
Set Theory,
Metalogic, at the University of California, Irvine, 1988-1995.

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NOTES
1 See the discussion of this article in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
2 This article looks at Alvin Goldman's project in Knowledge in a Social World (Oxford University Press, 1999) from the perspective of information science. See pp. 331-332 in the same issue for Goldman's response.
3 See John Artz's review of this article in Computing Reviews from the ACM.
4 See Jessica Wittmer's review of this article on Amazon.com. Wittmer claims that there are at least two philosophical mistakes in this article. First, she claims that "the Principal Principle has little to do with how probability should guide one's life." However, if a principle of this sort (i.e., one that says how subjective probabilities should relate to objective chances) is not guiding her life, she is in serious trouble (and not just at the poker table).
Now, there are certainly other principles that should also guide one's life. Most notably, if your subjective probabilities are not coherent (e.g., if you assign a probability of 0.9 to a coin coming up heads and a probability of 0.9 to that coin coming up tails), you are subject to a Dutch Book. That is, there is set of bets that you consider fair that is guaranteed to cost you money.
But if your subjective probabilities do not match the objective chances (e.g., if you assign a probability of 0.9 to a fair coin coming up heads), there is a bet that you consider fair that is objectively likely to cost you money even if your subjective probabilities are coherent. See, e.g., page 218 of "Probability as a Guide to Life" by Helen Beebee and David Papineau.
Wittmer does not even say what she thinks the second mistake in this article is. (She leaves finding it as an exercise for the reader.) As a result, it is harder for me to pin down why she is wrong about that one.
5 This article has been reprinted in Global Information Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, ed. Felix B. Tan, Information Science Reference (2008): 3091-3104.
6 See pp. 52-54 in the same issue for Marc Meola's response to this article.
7 This is an abridged and revised version of my "Toward an Epistemology of Wikipedia".
8 See Cristian Calude's review of this article in MathSciNet from the AMS.
9 See A. A. Mullin's review of this article in MathSciNet from the AMS. See critical discussions of this article by Kenny Easwaran and Jeffrey C. Jackson in Philosophia Mathematica. Also, see the discussion of this article in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
10 See pp. 389-395 in the same issue for Aaron Lercher's response to this article.
11 See Library Quarterly, 72, 3, (2002): 275-293 for Tony Doyle's critical discussion of this article.
12 See the Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 9, 4, (2002): 402-403 for Dr. Carroll, Dr. Saluja, and Dr. Tarczy-Hornoch's response to this article.
13 The results in this manuscript are cited by Alvin Goldman in "Quasi-objective Bayesianism and Legal Evidence", Jurimetrics, 42, 3, (2002): 237-260, in "Reply to Commentators", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 64, 1, (2002): 215-227, and in Pathways to Knowledge, Oxford University Press, (2002).
14 Cited by Pierre Le Morvan in "Goldman on Knowledge as True Belief", Erkenntnis, 62, 2, (2005):145-155.
15 See Library Journal, 125, 3, (2000): 134-136 for reader responses. The original article has also been reprinted in the Section on Education and Training Bulletin, 1, 3, (2000) of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions.
16 An earlier version of this talk was presented to the Department of Philosophy and the Department of Mathematics, Texas Tech University, 1996.
17 An earlier version of this talk was presented at the Spring Meeting of the Southwestern Section of the Mathematical Association of America, Silver City, New Mexico, 1999.
18 An earlier version of this talk was presented to the School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, 2000.
19 An earlier version of this talk was presented to the Department of Philosophy, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2000.
20 An earlier version of this talk was presented to the Department of Philosophy, Northern Arizona University, 2002, to the Department of Philosophy, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2003, and to the School of Information Science and Policy, State University of New York at Albany, 2003.
21 An earlier version of this talk was presented to the Department of Philosophy, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2004, to the School of Information Resources and Library Science, University of Arizona, 2004, and to the Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona, 2004.
22 An earlier version of this talk was presented to the Department of Library and Information Science, Rutgers University, 2004 and to the Department of Philosophy and Religion, Montclair State University, 2005.
23 An earlier version of this talk was presented at the Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Pasadena, California, 2008, to the Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona, 2008, to the Philosophy Club, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 2007, and to the Philosophy Club, Rutgers University, 2007.
24 An earlier version of this talk was presented at the Winter Meeting of the Association for Symbolic Logic, San Francisco, California, 1995.
25 An earlier version of this talk was presented to the Department of Philosophy, University of California, Irvine, 1995 and at the Joint Meeting of the Northern and Southern California Sections of the Mathematical Association of America, San Luis Obispo, California, 1995.
26 An earlier version of this talk was presented at the Fall Meeting of the Southern California Section of the Mathematical Association of America, Fullerton, California, 1996.
27 An earlier version of this talk was presented at the Spring Meeting of the Association for Symbolic Logic, Los Angeles, California, 1998 and at the Computing and Philosophy Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1996.
28 An earlier version of this talk was presented at the Computing and Philosophy Conference (held as part of the 20th World Congress of Philosophy), Boston, Massachusetts, 1998.
29 An earlier version of this talk was presented to the Interdisciplinary Workshop on "Normative versus Cognitive-Descriptive Aspects of Probability and Utility: An Encounter with Richard C. Jeffrey", University of Arizona, 2000.
30 An earlier version of this talk was presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for Library and Information Science Education, Washington, DC, 2001, at the Annual Conference of the Association for Library and Information Science Education, San Antonio, Texas, 2000, and at the Annual Conference of the Arizona Library Association, Phoenix, Arizona, 2000.
31 An earlier version of this talk was presented at an International Conference on "Perspectives on Mathematical Practices", Brussels, Belgium, 2002, at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Mathematics, Québec, Canada, 2001, and to the Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 2001.
32 An earlier version of this talk was presented to the Department of Philosophy, Middlebury College, 2003 and to the Department of Philosophy, Charles Sturt University, 2003.
33 An earlier version of this talk was presented at the Computing and Philosophy Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2004.
34 An earlier version of this talk was presented to the Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona, 2005 and to the Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, University of California, Irvine, 2005.
35 An earlier version of this talk was presented to the School of Information Resources and Library Science, University of Arizona, 2006.
36 An earlier version of this talk was presented at the North American Computing and Philosophy Conference, Chicago, Illinois, 2007 and to the School of Information Resources and Library Science, University of Arizona, 2007.
37 An earlier version of this talk was presented at the North American Computing and Philosophy Conference, Chicago, Illinois, 2007 and to the School of Information Resources and Library Science, University of Arizona, 2006.
38 An earlier version of this talk was presented at the Information Ethics Roundtable, Tucson, Arizona, 2009