"Up to Grice"

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GRICE DOES NOT consider locutions in passive-voice. "Killed by". This may relate to Aristotle who used two prepositions:

'eph'hemin. This is the 'epi' preposition, of course, followed by the plural of "I" -- 'up to us'

But he also used

"en'hemin": IN us.

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Cited by Doyle:

:Since future events are not necessary (though they are fated), human decisions are not constrained or forced by antecedent events or anything external to the mind. This lack of coercion, including one's heredity and environment, was critical for Chrysippus' idea that we have a freedom to assent (or not to assent) that made our decisions "depend on us." He called this

πάρ’ ἡμᾶς

or

ἐξ ἡμῶν

, depending on us, similar to Aristotle's ἐφ ἡμῖν."


So we add two prepositions:

ex- us

and

'par' us.

One of the four should correspond to 'by'. And it was "kicked by me". It was up to me kick the ball. And so on.

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The plural is immaterial.