 | |
| Directed by | Morten Tyldum |
| Produced by | Nora Grossman Ido Ostrowsky Teddy Schwarzman |
| Written by | Graham Moore |
| Based on | Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges |
| Starring | Benedict Cumberbatch Keira Knightley Matthew Goode Mark Strong Charles Dance Allen Leech Matthew Beard Rory Kinnear |
| Music by | Alexandre Desplat |
| Cinematography | Oscar Faura |
| Edited by | William Goldenberg |
Production
company |
Black Bear Pictures
Bristol Automotive |
| Distributed by | StudioCanal The Weinstein Company |
Release dates
|
|
Running time
| 114 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $14 million |
| Box office | $110.8 million |
The Imitation Game -- or as Griceians prefer, 'The Conversation Game', for surely Turing was into imitating thinking as reflecting in a conversation full of conversational implicatures) is a historical thriller film, alas, rather than a philosophical essay, about British India-born mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing who was a key figure in cracking Nazi Germany's naval Enigma code which helped the Allies win the Second World War.
The film stars Benedict Cumberbatch as Turing, and is directed by Morten Tyldum, with a screenplay by Graham Moore based on the biography Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges.
Hodges, but another Hodges, is the author of a textbook on logic (published by Penguin) that cites Grice!
The film's screenplay topped the annual Black List for best unproduced Hollywood scripts in 2011.
After a bidding process against five other studios, The Weinstein Company acquired the film for $7 million in February 2014, the highest amount ever paid for US distribution rights at the European Film Market.
It had its world premiere at the 41st Telluride Film Festival in August 2014.
It also featured at the 39th Toronto International Film Festival in September where it won "People's Choice Award for Best Film", the highest award of the festival.
It had its European premiere as the opening film of the 58th BFI London Film Festival in October and was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on 14 November, and in the United States on 28 November.
******************************
In terms of historical and philosophical accuracy, while the broad outline of India-born Alan Turing's life as depicted in the film is true, a number of historians have noted that elements within it represent distortions of what actually happened, especially in terms of Turing's work at Bletchley Park during the war and his relationship with friend and fellow code breaker Joan Elisabeth Clarke (played by sexy Keira Knightley -- who else?)
The Imitation Game was both a critical and commercial success.
The film was included in both the National Board of Review's and American Film Institute's "Top 10 Films of 2014".
At the 87th Academy Awards, it has been nominated in eight categories including Best Picture, Best Director for Tyldum, Best Actor for Cumberbatch and Best Supporting Actress for Keira Knightley.
It also garnered five nominations in the 72nd Golden Globe Awards and was nominated in three categories at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards including Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.
In addition, it received nine British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominations including Best Film and Outstanding British Film.
Its cast and crew were honoured by political lobbying organisation Human Rights Campaign for bringing Turing's legacy to a wider audience.
As of January 2015, the film has grossed a total of $110.8 million worldwide against a $14 million production budget making it the top-grossing independent film release of 2014.
Contents
The film depicts three key periods of Turing’s life.
This summary is told in chronological order, unlike in the film.
A young Turing (Alex Lawther) is an introverted and quirky young man viciously tormented and bullied by his peers.
At Sherborne, where else?
India-born Turing is saved from a particularly cruel act by Christopher (Jack Bannon), who assures Alan that there’s nothing wrong with his being "different".
As a matter of fact, Christopher was different two, which poses a Griceian paradox.
"I'm different" is different. Or more neutrally:
"It's different" isn't different.
Note that as Grice notes, 'different' is meaningless unless followed by 'from x'.
As Christopher begins to spark an interest in cryptography for Turing, he also begins to develop romantic feelings for him as well.
The two begin writing notes and letters to each other in code -- such as "I love you", and "dearest friend".
These may remind some of the love affair in Evelyn Waugh's novel, "Love or what you will".
One day, Turing decides to confess his love for Christopher after they return to school for the spring, but he learns that Christopher "has died from tuberculosis", from all that the headmaster cares to inform.
This Christopher existed, so it's not like Grice's "Marmaduke Bloggs" (vide his "Vacuous Names").
This loss greatly traumatizes Turing.
An older Turing (Benedict Cumberbatch) boards a train to Bletchley Park on the day that Britain declares war on Germany, aiming to work at the Government Code and Cypher School there.
Upon arriving, he is interviewed by Commander Alistair Denniston (Charles Dance -- better known for "White Mischief"), who takes an instant dislike to India-born Turing’s aloof and haughty personality.
Nevertheless, Denniston still allows him to assist the cryptographers there, including the team’s leader, Hugh Alexander (Matthew Goode -- who starred in the film on Evelyn Waugh, along with Emma Thomson), along with John Cairncross (Allen Leech), Peter Hilton (Matthew Beard), Keith Furman, and Charles Richards, to break the Enigma code -- so-called after the Greek word, 'enigma' -- through which the Germans safely transmits all messages to their armies and back abroad.
The team of cryptographers too cannot stand Turing, who prefers to work by himself and refuses to cooperate with them in the slightest.
Regardless, thanks to the virtually infinite number of settings that Enigma possesses (as well as the sequences being changed every day), the cryptographers are equally unsuccessful in determining how to decipher the large influx of messages they receive.
Turing begins to design a machine (that he calls Christopher in memory of his Sherborne classmate) to sort through each and every Enigma setting faster than a human could.
But Alexander and Denniston refuse Turing the ability to acquire the proper funding to allow him to build it.
After managing to deliver a letter to Winston Churchill through MI-6 head Stewart Menzies (Mark Strong -- have you heard of a more Scots name than Menzies ever?), Churchill orders that Turing be put in charge of the cryptographers and provides funding for his machine.
As his first order, Turing fires Furman and Richards and sets off to find more cryptographers.
'Fires' is metaphorical. He just dismisses them.
During this time, Germans initiate the Blitz and bomb London.
Two people manage to pass Turing’s difficult application and examination, one of whom is Joan Elisabeth Clarke (played by EXTREMELY BEAUTIFUL Keira Knightly), a Cambridge graduate student.
However, her parents disprove of her working amongst the predominantly male cryptographers in Bletchley ('we don't say Bletchley Park. That's non-U').
But Turning manages to have Clarke work and live amongst the mostly-female clerks that intercept the messages as a way of working closely with her, to which her parents are more receptive.
He also engages her.
As Turing continues to build his machine, his fellow cryptographers, who are no closer to breaking Enigma than ever before, express extreme doubt that "Christopher" will work and chastise him for not assisting them with the messages they have been receiving.
The construction of Turing’s machine (which he has decided at this point to name “Christopher”, as we have told, as an affectionate memorial to his school days 'lover') puts him under scrutiny by Denniston after a Soviet spy has been determined to be among the cryptographers at Bletchley, Turing being the main suspect.
Despite Denniston's animosity towards Turing, no evidence against him is found, but he threatens to execute (meaning kill) Turing personally should he find anything proving this.
At this time, Clarke introduces herself to Alexander and the other cryptographers, impressing them, Alexander especially, with her uncanny knowledge and gaining their respect.
It is then that Clarke persuades Turing into being more friendly towards his fellow cryptographers, whom Turing needs if he hopes to break Enigma.
While awkward at first, Turing manages to gain the mutual respect of the others, who also manage to aptly assist him in "Christopher"’s construction.
Eventually, "Christopher" is completed.
But even "Christopher" cannot determine the day’s Enigma settings.
When "Christopher" continues to fail producing results, Denniston orders to have "Christopher" destroyed ("I surely cannot 'kill' a machine", he adds, otiosely) and Turing fired.
But his fellow cryptographers stand up for him, threatening to leave if Turing leaves.
Denniston gives each of them one month to begin producing any results before he fires them all.
After Clarke plans to leave Bletchley on the wishes of her parents (due to her single status and age), Turing hastily proposes for her hand in marriage, which she accepts.
During their reception, Cairncross determines Turing’s sexual orientation, warning him direly to keep it a secret.
A month passes, and "Christopher" fails to produce results.
At midnight on their final night, Alan and the cryptographers go out to drink.
TURING'S EPIPHANY.
After overhearing a conversation from a female clerk there about the messages she receives (each of them she believes begin with the name of the message’s author’s lover), Turing has an epiphany, realizing he can program "Christopher" into decoding the letters in each word that he already knows exist on each message, namely:
WEATHER
-- the first reports sent out each morning -- and
HEIL HITLER
-- which each Enigma conversational moves ends with.
After the cryptographers recalibrate the machine, "Christopher" produces a result in a matter of seconds, accurately decoding a message from earlier that day.
With Enigma broken (thanks to this female whose proper Christian name should be better known -- "love makes the world go round"), Turing, Clarke, and the other cryptographers celebrate.
The next day, the cryptographers begin to decode messages.
But before they can report the first one, Turing encounters a major problem.
If they report any and all of the decoded messages, the Germans will realize that the English have broken Enigma and will redesign it so that "Christopher" will not be able to decode any messages, putting all of Turing’s work to waste.
With great reluctance, the team agrees to pick and choose which messages to report as to not alert the Germans.
Turing and Clarke then consult Menzies over how to relay this information without "Christopher"’s knowledge being known by anyone else.
During this time, Turing comes across damning evidence revealing that Cairncross is actually the Soviet spy, and when he confronts him about this, Cairncross threatens to disclose Turing’s sexual orientation if he tells anyone about it.
However, Turing arrives to his home to find that Clarke is not there, but Menzies is, suspecting her of being the Soviet spy after he found multiple decoded messages under her bed.
Fearing that she’s been imprisoned, Turing confesses that Cairncross is the spy.
Menzies knew this, revealing that he actually was the one who placed him in Bletchley, leaking essential decoded messages to the Soviet Union for their benefit against the German armies.
Also, Clarke was simply out shopping in the local market.
("She is at the market. She'll be back soon. I lied about she being imprisoned", he shamelessly puts it, violating all that Grice says about conversation being a cooperative truthful effort between intelligent people).
Menzies enlists Turing to help him with determining the proper messages to leak to both the British and Soviet governments.
Fearing for her safety and unable to fully trust Menzies, Turing tells Clarke to leave Bletchley, telling her that he is gay (he says 'homosexual', since 'gay' still meant gay then) and lying about him never caring for her.
Distraught by his words, but undeterred, Clarke tells Turing that she refuses to give up despite her jeopardized safety.
After several more years of decoding messages and stopping multitudes of attacks, Germany finally surrenders, and Britain celebrates their defeat.
Menzies then gathers the cryptologists, telling them to burn and destroy any and all traces of Enigma and the efforts of their breaking it, also advising them that they can never see one another again.
Two detectives, Nock and Staehl, investigate what appears to be a break-in and robbery at Turing’s home.
However, Turing, who is at home experimenting with cyanide, dismisses their concerns.
From this, the two detectives suspect him of hiding something.
Their suspicions are seemingly confirmed when they manage to steal an envelope of a man following them, which contains a photograph, personal information of Nock, as well as a letter from the Foreign Office of Britain granting the man access to the detective’s records.
Rather than report it, the Nock erases his name and replaces it with Turing’s, allowing him to access his personal information.
Upon going through Turing’s military file and finding it empty, the two suspect Turing of being a Soviet spy.
Upon finding him at a "gay" bar, they realize Turing's homosexuality and bring him in for questioning, believing he’s hiding more secrets.
Turing tells Nock through an interrogation his time in Bletchley, and he is eventually convicted of indecency.
In lieu of a jail sentence, Turing undergoes chemical castration so he can continue his work with "Christopher".
One day, Joan Clarke comes to visit Turing, who has become physically and mentally frail due to his treatments.
When Clarke suggests that they hire a lawyer to end his treatment, Turing tearfully objects, knowing that he’d be sentenced to jail otherwise and separated from Christopher, the partially disassembled pieces of which Turing has kept in his home being his only link to his one true love from his childhood.
After Turing praises Clarke’s new “normal” life with her new husband, Clarke reminds him that his abnormality helped save the world and make it a better place.
A post-credits scene suggests that Turing committed suicide in 1954 at the age of 41, that in 2013, the Queen of England granted Turing a royal pardon, and that Turing’s machine inspired the invention and design of computers to this day.
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Turing, the subject of the film, is considered the "Father of Theoretical Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence"
Before Cumberbatch joined the project, Warner Bros. bought the screenplay for a reported seven-figure sum because of Leonardo DiCaprio's interest in playing Turing.[10][11][12][13][14]
In the end, DiCaprio did not come on board and the rights of the script reverted to the screenwriter.
In December 2012, it was announced that Headhunters director Morten Tyldum would helm the project, making the film his English-language directorial debut.[19][20]
Principal photography began on 15 September 2013 in England.
Filming locations included Turing's former school, Sherborne and Bletchley where Turing and his colleagues worked during the war.
Other locations included towns in England; Nettlebed (Joyce Grove at Oxfordshire), and Chesham (Buckinghamshire).
Scenes were also filmed at Bicester Airfield and outside the Law Society Building in Chancery Lane.
Principal photography finished on 11 November 2013.[21]
The bombe seen in the film is based on a replica of "Christopher", Turing's original machine, which is housed in the museum at Bletchley.
Production designer Maria Djurkovic admitted, however, that her team made "Christopher" more cinematic by making it larger and having more of its inside mechanisms visible.
The Weinstein Company acquired the film for $7 million in February 2014, the highest amount ever paid for US distribution rights at the European Film Market.[23]
The film is also a recipient of Tribeca Film Festival's Sloan Filmmaker Fund, which grants filmmakers funding and guidance with regards to innovative films that are concerned with science, mathematics and technology.[24]
The film's title refers to Turing's proposed test of the same name, which he discussed in his 1950 paper on artificial intelligence entitled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence".[25]
The paper opens: "I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?' This should begin with definitions of the meaning of the terms 'machine' and 'think'."
He missed "can".
In June 2014, it was announced that Alexandre Desplat would provide the original score of the film.[26] Desplat composed and orchestrated the score in under three weeks.[27]
The soundtrack was released by Sony Classical on 24 November 2014.
It was recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios in London.
| The Imitation Game: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack | |
|---|---|
| Film score by Alexandre Desplat | |
| Released | 24 November 2014 |
| Recorded | 2014 |
| Genre | Film score |
| Length | 51:08 |
| Label | Sony Classical |
| No. | Title | Length | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | "The Imitation Game" | 2:37 | |
| 2. | "Enigma" | 2:50 | |
| 3. | "Alan" | 2:57 | |
| 4. | "U-boats" | 2:12 | |
| 5. | "Carrots and Peas" | 2:19 | |
| 6. | "Mission" | 1:36 | |
| 7. | "Crosswords" | 2:52 | |
| 8. | "Night Research" | 1:39 | |
| 9. | "Joan" | 1:45 | |
| 10. | "Alone with Numbers" | 2:58 | |
| 11. | "The Machine Christopher" | 1:57 | |
| 12. | "Running" | 3:01 | |
| 13. | "The Headmaster" | 2:27 | |
| 14. | "Decrypting" | 2:01 | |
| 15. | "A Different Equation" | 2:54 | |
| 16. | "Becoming a Spy" | 4:08 | |
| 17. | "The Apple" | 2:20 | |
| 18. | "Farewell to Christopher" | 2:41 | |
| 19. | "End of War" | 2:07 | |
| 20. | "Because of You" | 1:36 | |
| 21. | "Alan Turing's Legacy" | 1:56 | |
Total length:
| 0:51:08 | ||
Cumberbatch on the cover of TIME, featuring one of the last remaining Enigma machines in the US from the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, November 2014[29]
Following the Royal Pardon granted by the United Kingdom government to Turing on 24 December 2013, the filmmakers released the first official promotional photograph of Cumberbatch in character beside Turing's bombe on the same day.[30][31]
In the week of the anniversary of Turing's death in June 2014, Entertainment Weekly released two new stills which marked the first look at the characters played by Keira Knightley, Matthew Goode, Matthew Beard and Allen Leech.[32]
On what would have been Turing's 102nd birthday on 23 June, Empire released two photographs featuring Mark Strong and Charles Dance in character.
Promotional stills were taken by photographer Jack English, who also photographed Cumberbatch for Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy.[33]
Princeton University Press and Vintage Books both released film tie-in editions of Andrew Hodges's biography Alan Turing: The Enigma in September 2014.[34]
The first UK and US trailers were released on 22 July 2014.[35]
The international teaser poster was released on 18 September 2014 with the tagline, "The true enigma was the man who cracked the code".[36]
On 8 November 2014, The Weinstein Company co-hosted a private screening of the film with Digital Sky Technologies billionaire Yuri Milner and Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg.
Attendees of the screening at Los Altos Hills, California included Silicon Valley's top executives including Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg, Linkedin’s Reid Hoffman, Google co-founder Sergey Brin, Airbnb’s Nathan Blecharczyk and Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes.
Director Tyldum, screenwriter Moore and actress Knightley were also in attendance.[37]
In addition, Cumberbatch and Zuckerberg presented the Math Prizes at the Breakthrough Awards on 10 November 2014 in honour of Turing.[38]
The bombe re-created by the filmmakers has been on display in a special The Imitation Game exhibition at Bletchley since 10 November 2014.
The year-long exhibit features clothes worn by the actors and props used in the film.
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Yahoo! president and CEO Marissa Mayer (left) and 22nd United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates (right) both publicly expressed support and appreciation for Turing and the film[40]
The official film website at theimitationgamemovie.com allows visitors to unlock exclusive content by solving crossword puzzles conceived by Turing.[41]
Google, which sponsored the New York Premiere of the film, launched a competition called "The Code-Cracking Challenge" on 23 November 2014.
It is a skill contest where entrants must crack a code provided by Google.
The prize/s will be awarded to entrant/s who crack the code and submit their entry the fastest.[42]
On 27 November 2014, ahead of the film's US release, The New York Times reprinted the original 1942 crossword puzzle from The Daily Telegraph used in recruiting codebreakers at Bletchley during the Second World War.
Entrants who solve the puzzle can mail in their results for a chance to win a trip for two to London and a tour of Bletchley, with tea and crumpets.
TWC launched a print and online campaign on 2 January 2015 featuring testimonials from leaders in the fields of technology, military, academia and other groups (all influenced by Turing’s life and accomplishments) to promote the film and Turing's legacy.
Yahoo! CEO Marissa Mayer, Netflix CEO Reed Hastings, Google Executive Chairman Eric Schmidt, Twitter CEO Dick Costolo, PayPal co-founder Max Levchin, YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki, and Wikipedia’s Jimmy Wales all gave tribute quotes.
There were also testimonials from LGBT leaders including HRC president Chad Griffin Sarah Kate Ellis and from military leaders including the 22nd United States Defense Secretary Robert Gates.[40][44][45][46]
The film had its world premiere at the 41st Telluride Film Festival in August 2014, and played at the 39th Toronto International Film Festival in September.[47]
It had its European premiere as the opening film of the 58th BFI London Film Festival on October 2014.[48][49]
It had a limited theatrical release on 28 November 2014 in the United States, two weeks after its premiere in the United Kingdom on 14 November.[11]
The US distributor TWC stated that the film would initially debut in four cinemas in Los Angeles and New York, expanding to six new markets on 12 December before being released nationwide on Christmas day.[50]
The film opened number two at the UK box office just behind the big-budget film Interstellar, earning $4.3 million from 459 screens.
Its opening box office figure is the third highest opening weekend haul for a UK film in 2014.
It achieved a very high 90% “definite recommend” from its core audience, according to exit poll figures. Its opening was 107% higher than that of Argo, 81% higher than Philomena and 26% higher than The Iron Lady following its debut.[51][52]
Debuting in four cinemas in Los Angeles and New York on 28 November, the film grossed $479,352 in its opening weekend with a $119,352 per-screen-average, the second highest per-screen-average of 2014 and the 7th highest of all time for a live-action film.
Adjusted for inflation, it outperformed The Weinstein Company's own Oscar-winning films The King's Speech ($88,863 in 2010) and The Artist ($51,220 in 2011), which were also released on Thanksgiving weekend.
The film expanded into additional markets on 12 December and was released nationwide on Christmas day.[53][54][55]
The Imitation Game is the top-grossing independent film release of 2014.[56]
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The film has been met with critical acclaim, with critics particularly lauding Cumberbatch's lead performance as Turing.[57]
Rotten Tomatoes sampled 216 critics and judged 90% of the reviews positive with an average rating of 7.7/10.
The site's critical consensus reads, "With an outstanding starring performance from Benedict Cumberbatch illuminating its fact-based story, The Imitation Game serves as an eminently well-made entry in the 'prestige biopic' genre."[58]
On Metacritic, the film has a score of 72 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[59]
The film received a grade of "A+" from market-research firm CinemaScore and was included in both the National Board of Review's and American Film Institute's "Top 10 Films of 2014".[60][61][62]
The New York Observer's Rex Reed declared that "one of the most important stories of the last century is one of the greatest movies of 2014" while Kaleem Aftab of The Independent gave the film a five-star review hailing it the "Best British Film of the Year".[63][64][65]
Lou Lumenick of the New York Post described it as a "thoroughly engrossing Oscar-caliber movie" with critic James Rocchi adding that the film is "strong, stirring, triumphant and tragic".[66]
Peter Debruge of Variety added that the film is "beautifully written, elegantly mounted and poignantly performed".[69]
Critic Scott Foundas stated that the "movie is undeniably strong in its sense of a bright light burned out too soon, and the often undignified fate of those who dare to chafe at society's established norms".[70]
Critic Leonard Maltin asserted that the film has "an ideal ensemble cast with every role filled to perfection".
In addition, praise was given to Knightley's supporting performance as Clarke, Goldenberg's editing, Desplat's score, Faura's cinematography and Djurkovic's production design.[71]
The film was enthusiastically received at the Telluride Film Festival and won the "People's Choice Award for Best Film" at TIFF, the highest prize of the festival.
TIME ranked Cumberbatch's portrayal number one in its Top 10 film performances of 2014, with the magazine's chief film critic Richard Corliss calling Cumberbatch's characterisation "the actor’s oddest, fullest, most Cumberbatchian character yet... he doesn’t play Turing so much as inhabit him, bravely and sympathetically but without mediation".[72][73]
Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times declared Turing "the role of Cumberbatch's career", while A.O. Scott of The New York Times stated that it is "one of the year’s finest pieces of screen acting".[74][75]
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone asserted that the actor "gives an explosive, emotionally complex" portrayal. Critic Clayton Davis stated that it's a "performance for the ages ... proving he's one of the best actors working today".[76][77]
Foundas of Variety wrote that Cumberbatch's acting is "masterful ... a marvel to watch", Manohla Dargis of The New York Times described it as "delicately nuanced, prickly and tragic" and Owen Gleiberman of the BBC proclaimed it an "emotionally tailored perfection".[78][79]
It's "a storming performance from Cumberbatch: you'll be deciphering his work long after the credits roll" declared Dave Calhoun of Time Out.[80]
In addition, Claudia Puig of USA Today concluded in her review, "It's Cumberbatch's nuanced, haunted performance that leaves the most powerful impression".[81]
The Hollywood Reporter's Todd McCarthy reported that the undeniable highlight of the film was Cumberbatch, "whose charisma, tellingly modulated and naturalistic array of eccentricities, talent at indicating a mind never at rest and knack for simultaneously portraying physical oddness and attractiveness combine to create an entirely credible portrait of genius at work".[82][83]
Critic Roger Friedman wrote at the end of his review, "Cumberbatch may be the closest thing we have to a real descendant of Sir Laurence Olivier".[84]
While praising the performances of Cumberbatch and Knightley, Catherine Shoard of The Guardian stated that the film is "too formulaic, too efficient at simply whisking you through and making sure you've clocked the diversity message".[85]
Tim Robey of The Telegraph described it as "a film about a human calculator which feels ... a little too calculated".[86]
Some critics also raised concerns about the lack of sex scenes in the film to highlight Turing's sexual orientation.
British historian Alex von Tunzelmann, writing for The Guardian in November 2014, pointed out many historical inaccuracies in the film, saying in conclusion:
"Historically, The Imitation Game is as much of a garbled mess as a heap of unbroken code".[88]
Journalist Christian Caryl also found numerous historical inaccuracies, describing the film as constituting "a bizarre departure from the historical record" that changed Turing's rich life to be "multiplex-friendly".[89]
L.V. Anderson of Slate magazine compared the film's account of Turing's life and work to the biography it was based on, writing:
"I discovered that The Imitation Game takes major liberties with its source material, injecting conflict where none existed, inventing entirely fictional characters, rearranging the chronology of events, and misrepresenting the very nature of Turing's work at Bletchley".[90]
Andrew Grant of Science News wrote, "... like so many other Hollywood biopics, it takes some major artistic license – which is disappointing, because Turing's actual story is so compelling."[91]
Despite earlier reservations, Turing's niece Inagh Payne told Allan Beswick of BBC Radio Manchester that "the film really did honour my uncle" after she watched the film at the London Film Festival in October 2014.
In the same interview, Turing's nephew Dermont Turing stated that Cumberbatch is "perfect casting. I couldn't think of anyone better".
James Turing, a great-nephew of the codebreaker, said Cumberbatch "knows things that I never knew before.
The amount of knowledge he has about Alan is amazing".
Alan Turing was not only prosecuted, but quite arguably persuaded to end his own life early, by a society who called him a criminal for simply seeking out the love he deserved, as all human beings do. 60 years later, that same government claimed to ‘forgive’ him by pardoning him.
I find this deplorable, because Turing’s actions did not warrant forgiveness — theirs did — and the 49,000 other prosecuted men deserve the same."
I find this deplorable, because Turing’s actions did not warrant forgiveness — theirs did — and the 49,000 other prosecuted men deserve the same."
—Cumberbatch in support for pardoning gay men convicted of United Kingdom's laws on homosexual acts.
On 23 January 2015, Stephen Fry together with Harvey Weinstein and Cumberbatch launched a campaign to pardon the 49,000 gay men convicted under the same law that led to Turing's chemical castration.
Fry stated:
"Should Alan Turing have been pardoned just because he was a genius when somewhere between 50 to 70 thousand other men were imprisoned, chemically castrated, had their lives ruined or indeed committed suicide because of the laws under which Turing suffered?"
"There is a general feeling that perhaps if he should be pardoned, then perhaps so should all of those men, whose names were ruined in their lifetime, but who still have families."
"It was a nasty, malicious and horrific law and one that allowed so much blackmail and so much misery and so much distress."
"Turing stands as a figure symbolic to his own age in the way that Oscar Wilde was, who suffered under a more but similar one."
Human Rights Campaign's Chad Griffin also offered his endorsement and said:
"Over 49,000 other gay men and women were persecuted in England under the same law."
"Turing was pardoned by Queen Elizabeth II in 2013."
"The others were not."
"Honour this movie. Honour this man. And honour the movement to bring justice to the other 49,000."
Aiding the cause are campaigner Peter Tatchell, Attitude magazine and other high-profile figures in the community.[94][95]
During production, there was criticism regarding the film's purported downplaying of Alan Turing's sexual orientation, particularly condemning the portrayal of his relationship with close friend and one-time fiancée Joan Clarke.
Hodges, author of the book the film was based on, described the script as having "built up the relationship with Joan much more than it actually was".[16][97][98][99]
Turing's surviving niece Payne thought that Knightley was inappropriately cast as Clarke, whom she described as "rather plain", implicating Knightley ain't (as she ain't), but plainless is in the eye of the beholder.
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Speaking to Empire, director Tyldum expressed his decision on taking on the project:
"It is such a complex story. It was the gay rights element, but also how Turing's ideas were kept secret and how incredibly important his work was during the war, that he was never given credit for it".
In an interview for GQ UK, Goode, who plays a fellow cryptographer of Turing in the film, stated that the script focuses on "Turing's life and how as a nation we celebrated him as being a hero by chemically castrating him because he was gay".
He is being ironic in a Matthew-Goode way.
In addition, the producers of the film officially stated:
"There is not – and never has been – a version of our script where Alan Turing is anything other than homosexual, nor have we included fictitious sex scenes".
In a January 2015 interview with The Huffington Post in response to general complaints about the level of historical accuracy in the film, its screenwriter Moore said:
"When you use the language of 'fact checking' to talk about a film, I think you're sort of fundamentally misunderstanding how art works.
You don't fact check Monet's 'Water Lilies'.
That's not what water lilies look like, that's what the sensation of experiencing water lilies feel like. That's the goal of the piece."[103]
In the same interview, director Tyldum stated:
"A lot of historical films sometimes feel like people reading a Wikipedia page to you onscreen, like just reciting 'and then he did that, and then he did that, and then he did this other thing' – it's like a 'Greatest Hits' compilation.
We wanted the movie to be emotional and passionate.
Our goal was to give you 'What does Alan Turing feel like?' What does his story feel like? What'd it feel like to be Alan Turing? Can we create the experience of sort of 'Alan Turing-ness' for an audience based on his life?"[103]
Like most films based on historical events, The Imitation Game has received criticism for inaccuracies regarding the events and people it portrays.
Suggesting that the work at Bletchley was the effort of a small group of cryptographers who were stymied for the first few years of the war until a sudden breakthrough that allowed them to break Enigma.
Progress was actually made from the beginning of the war in 1939 and thousands of people were working on the project before the war ended in 1945.
Throughout the war there were breakthroughs and setbacks when the design or use of the German Enigma machines was changed and the Bletchley code breakers had to adapt.
-
In actuality, this electromechanical machine was called "The Bombe".
The Polish Cryptanalyst Marian Rejewski had designed a machine in 1938 called bomba kryptologiczna which exploited a particular, but temporary, weakness in German operating procedures.
A new machine with a different strategy was designed by Turing (with a key contribution from mathematician Gordon Welchman, unmentioned in the film) in 1940.
More than 200 British "Bombes" were built under the supervision of Harold Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company.[90][88]
In reality, Hilton had no such brother, and decisions about when and whether to use data from Ultra intelligence were made at much higher administrative levels.
Showing Turing writing a letter to Churchill in order to gain control over Enigma breaking and obtain funding for the decryption machine.
Turing was actually not alone in making a different request with a number of his colleagues, including Hugh Alexander, writing a letter to Churchill (who had earlier visited there) in an effort to get more administrative resources sent to Bletchley, which Churchill immediately did.
Showing a Dornier Do 17 performing a reconnaissance mission against an Allied convoy.
In reality, the Do 17 had too short a range to perform a reconnaissance mission in the Atlantic.
This role was carried out by long-range aircraft such as the Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor.
Exaggerating Turing's social difficulties to the point of depicting him having Asperger syndrome or otherwise being on the autism spectrum.
While a few writers and researchers have tried to assign such a retrospective diagnosis to Turing,[104] and it is true that he had his share of eccentricities, the Asperger's-like traits portrayed in the film – an intellectual snob with no friends, no sense of how to work cooperatively -- in a Griceian way -- with others, and no understanding of humour – bear little relationship to the actual adult Turing, who had friends, was viewed as having a sense of humour and had good working relationships with his colleagues.
Turing's arrest was in 1952.
The detective in the film and the interview as portrayed are fictional.
Turing was investigated for his homosexuality after a robbery at his house and was never investigated for espionage.
Suggesting that the chemical castration that Turing was forced to undergo made him unable to think clearly or do any work.
Despite physical weakness and changes in Turing's body including gynecomastia, at that time he was doing innovative work on mathematical biology, inspired by the very changes his body was undergoing due to chemical castration.
Clarke visiting Turing in his home while he is serving probation.
There is no record of Clarke ever visiting Turing's residence during his probation, although Turing did stay in touch with her after the war and informed her of his life.
Stating outright that Turing committed suicide after a year of hormone treatment.
In reality, the nature of Turing's death is a matter of considerable debate.
The chemical castration period ended 14 months BEFORE his death.
The official inquest into his death rules that he commits suicide by consuming a cyanide-laced apple.
Turing biographer Andrew Hodges believes the death was indeed a suicide, re-enacting the poisoned apple from Snow White, Turing's favourite fairy tale, with some deliberate "ambiguity" (of the Griceian sort) included to permit Turing's mother to interpret it as an "accident".
However Jack Copeland, an editor of volumes of Turing's work and Director of the Turing Archive for the History of Computing, has suggested that Turing's death may have been indeed "accidental", caused by the cyanide fumes produced by an experiment in his spare room, and that the coroner's investigation was poorly conducted.
Depicting Commander Denniston as a rigid officer, bound by military thinking and eager to shut down the decryption machine when it fails to deliver results.
Denniston's grandchildren stated that the film takes an "unwarranted sideswipe" at their grandfather's memory, showing him to be a "baddy" and a "hectoring character" who hinders the work of Turing.
They said their grandfather had a completely different temperament from the one portrayed in the film and was entirely supportive of the work done by cryptographers under his command, as anybody should suspect.
There is no record of the film's depicted interactions between Turing and Denniston.
In addition, Turing was always respected and considered one of the best code breakers at Bletchley.
There are no records showing they interacted at all during Turing's time at Bletchley Park.[90]
Including an espionage subplot involving Turing working with John Cairncross.
Turing and Cairncross worked in different areas of Bletchley and there is no evidence they ever met.[89][90]
Historian Von Tunzelmann was angered by this subplot (which suggests that Turing was for a while blackmailed into not revealing Cairncross as a spy lest his sexual orientation be revealed), writing that "Creative licence is one thing, but slandering a great man's reputation – while buying into the nasty 1950s prejudice that gay men automatically constituted a security risk – is quite another."
The Imitation Game has been nominated for, and has received, numerous awards, with Cumberbatch's portrayal of Turing particularly praised.[110][111][112][113]
The film and its cast and crew were also honoured by Human Rights Campaign, the largest civil rights advocacy group and political lobbying organisation in the United States.
"We are proud to honor the stars and filmmakers of The Imitation Game for bringing the captivating yet tragic story of Alan Turing to the big screen", Chad Griffin said in a statement.[114]
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External links[edit]
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- The Imitation Game at History vs. Hollywood
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