Caulfield's Implicature

Speranza

“The Literary Champion of Sad Boys” — it’s a title probably deserved, the author being best known for first, The Catcher in the Rye and second, a self-imposed isolation lasting nearly twice as long as every poet envisioned himself enduring before being canonized.

However, beyond the novel that gave him his namesake, J. D. Salinger, strangely enough, found himself being an authority on characters that were charming, relatable, not obnoxious and at times — brace yourselves — even wise or pleasant.

Featuring protagonists as young as nine years old (The Laughing Man) and as old as 40, (Seymour: An Introduction) and yes, even women, whose stories revolve around more than themselves in relation to men (Franny, Just Before the War with the Eskimos and Down at the Dinghy), the standout aspect of Salinger’s writing style — what enables him to give distinct and individual life to a (relatively) varied cast of characters — is his dialogue, or as H. P. Grice would prefer, his 'conversation' and the attending 'implicatures'.

Salinger's conversation is sparse, terse, realistic and bitter-sweet and gives the Salinger conversationalists a certain cadence and attitude that is unique.

The frequency of the so-called “50’s-isms” — words like “phony,” “goddamn” and “terribly” — both date his oeuvre for modern readers and bring his characters down to earth as colloquial, believable human beings.

Salinger also dabbles in representing the “local colour” of his primarily New-York-based protagonists by transcribing their accents:

“Willya tell him I’ll be ready in a coupla seconds?”

asks a disheveled army man in Just Before the War with the Eskimos.

The constant italicization of words in Zooey, on the other hand, emphasizes the high-class, snobbish whine of the Glass family on the Upper East Side:

“The painters are almost finished in their room, and they are going to want to get in the living room immediately after lunch,” says Bessie, matriarch of the family of nine.

Focused characters in his stories speak sharply and to the Griceian point (vide Peter Winch on "the Griceian point") while distracted characters repeat themselves and ramble:

“I know. I’m going to be a professional singer,”

declares Esmé in For Esmé — with Love and Squalor, while the suicidal Seymour in A Perfect Day for Bananafish answers a request with

“Oh no. No. I couldn’t do that.”

In short, Salinger's characters are distinguished by class, state of mind, education, word choice, sentence length, tendency for questions and tendency for excitement.

Compare the sporadic thoughts of Caulfield from The Catcher in the Rye to Buddy’s long, incoherent, footnote-laden ramblings in Seymour: An Introduction.

I’d like to go into two specific examples of places in J. D. Salinger’s short stories where his conversation particularly shines.

Firstly, in the last few paragraphs of Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut, the protagonist, Eloise, rushes down the stairs after having something of an epiphany following a day of petty, suburban small talk, wakes her sleeping friend and describes a particular memory of her alienation at university.

Salinger’s final line of the story is:

“‘I was a nice girl,’ she pleaded, ‘wasn’t I?’”

The rarity of dialogue tags other than “said,” which is characteristic of the entire story, all of his characters having “said” things, instead of having “muttered”, “sobbed”, “cried” or “laughed” them, adds a special sort of heart-ache to the “pleaded” which ends the short story.

Additionally, the placement of the tag  in the middle of her sentence adds an almost musical suspension and resolution to the short story that alternate wordings would not provide.

Take two alternate constructions, for example:

“She pleaded, ‘I was a nice girl, wasn’t I?’”

and

“‘I was a nice girl, wasn’t I?’ she pleaded.”

While the second phrasing at least maintains the feeling of uncertainty and uneasiness that comes with ending a piece of fiction on a question, neither have the same rhythm, the same suspension, the same emotional pause and quiver before her final whimper which we can even now hear in Eloise’s voice solely due to the syntactical break.

Our second example comes from Raise High the Roof-Beam, Carpenters, where Buddy Glass has spent a long, painful car ride with the family of the bride whom his brother has just left at the altar.

After hours of enduring their insults, Buddy finally breaks and begins a finely crafted monologue which uses no quotation marks at all.

It begins"

"The next voice to speak up was not the Lieutenant’s but mine

and continues to

"I said that not one goddamn person, of all the patronizing, fourth rate critics and column writers, had ever seen him for what he really was. A poet, for God’s sake."

This filtering of dialogue through the narrator’s voice not only adds room for the reader to more vividly imagine its delivery, but also in part reflects the mental state of the narrator himself.

We are under the impression that he no longer possesses the state of mind to journalistically and objectively relay his dialogue with a calm recount of the events — the event itself is almost a blur for him, a reflection of his hurried mental state.

The failure to represent a traditional monologue with quotation marks also “mutes” the passage in a way — it’s foggy in our minds, almost surreal, the way your body numbs over and you half-disassociate when under extreme emotion or fervor.

Buddy’s (the narrator’s) emotional tide and uprising is brought to the forefront, rather than the facts of exactly what was said. Dialogue as sharp as J. D. Salinger’s is what propelled his writing to critical acclaim, despite the irony of his 50-some years of reclusion.

Reading his work — I’d recommend Nine Stories and Raise High the Roof-Beam, Carpenters, in particular — beyond The Catcher in the Rye is a fantastic way to both improve your own mastery of conversational implicature and gain an appreciation for his oeuvre beyond his flagship novel.