Implicatures of "Body"

Speranza

(A) soma

σῶμα , ατος, τό (Arc. dat. pl. A. “σωμάτεσι” IG5(2).357.156 (Stymphalus, iii B.C.)),

body of man or beast,

-- but in Hom., as Aristarch. remarks (v. Apollon.Lex.),

always dead body, corpse
(whereas the living body is "δέμας"）

“, ὥς τε λέων ἐχάρη μεγάλῳ ἐπὶ σώματι κύρσας”
Iliad 3.23,
cf. 18.161; ς .

“δὲ οἴκαδ᾽ ἐμὸν δόμεναι πάλιν” 7.79; “ς.
κατελείπομεν ἄθαπτον”
 Oddissey 11.53;
“ὦν . . σώματ᾽ ἀκηδέα κεῖται”
24.187;

so also in
Hes.Sc.426, Simon.119, Pi.O.9.34,
Hdt.7.167, Posidon.14 J.,
Ev.Marc.15.43, etc.;

“τὸ ς. τοῦ τεθνεῶτος” Pl.R.469d, cf.
Grg.524c,
D.43.65;

“ς. νεκρόν” POxy.51.7 (ii A.D.); νεκρὸν ς. Gal.18(2).93,
cf.
“νεκρός” 11.1; μέγιστον ς. . . σποδου, = ς. μέγιστον ὃ
νῦν
σποδός ἐστι, S.El.758;

also later, Wilcken Chr.499 (ii/iii A.D.).


2. the living body --

Hes.Op.540,
Batr.44, Thgn.650, Pi.O.6.56, P.8.82,
Hdt.1.139, etc.;
“δόμοι καὶ σώματα” A.Th.896 (lyr.); γενναῖος τῷ ς. S.Ph.51;
εὔρωστος τὸ ς. X.HG6.1.6; τὸ ς. σῴζειν or -εσθαι
save one's life,
D.22.55, Th.1.136; διασῴζειν or “-εσθαι” Isoc.6.46, X.An.5.5.13;
“περὶ
πολλῶν ς. καὶ χρημάτων βουλεύειν” Th.1.85; περὶ τοῦ ς.
ἀγωνίζεσθαι for one's life, Lys.5.1; ἔχειν τὸ ς. κακῶς, ὡς
βέλτιστα, etc., to be in a bad, a good state of bodily health,
X.Mem.3.12.1,
3.12.5.

3. body,

opp. spirit

(εἴδωλον), Pi.Fr.131;
opp. soul ("ψυχή"),
Plato, Grg.493a, Phd.91d; τὰ τοῦ
ς. ἔργα bodily labours, X.Mem. 2.8.2; αἱ τοῦ ς. ἡδοναί, αἱ κατὰ
τὸ ς. ἡδ., ib.1.5.6, Pl.R.328d; τὰ εἰς τὸ ς. τιμήματα
bodily  punishments, Aeschin.2.139; “τὰ εἰς τὸ ς. ἀδικήματα” PHal.1.193
(iii
B.C.).

4. animal body,
opp. plants, Pl.R. 564a (pl.);
but of plants, 1 Ep.Cor.15.38.

5.
civic rights (like Lat. caput), Lys.23.12; ἄτιμοι τὰ ς. And.1.74;
μέρος ἠτιμῶσθαι τοῦ ς. D.51.12.

6.
in the New Testament, of the sacramental body of Christ,
“τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ ς. μου”
Ev.Matt.26.26, cf. 1 Ep.Cor.10.16.

b.

of the body of Christ's church,

“οἱ πολλοὶ ἓν ς. ἐσμεν ἐν
Χριστῷ” Ep.Rom.12.5; ἡ ἐκκλησία ἥτις ἐστὶ τὸ ς. [τοῦ
Χριστοῦ] Ep.Eph.1.23.

II. periphr.,

ἀνθρώπου ς. ἓν οὐδέν,
=
ἄνθρωπος οὐδὲ εἷς, Hdt.1.32; esp.
in Trag., σῶμα θηρός, = θήρ, S.OC1568 (lyr.);

τεκέων σώματα, =  τέκνα, E.Tr.201 (lyr.); τὸ σὸν ς., = σύ, Id.Hec.301.

Rarely in sg. of
many persons, “σῶμα τέκνων” Id.Med.1108 (anap.).

2.

a person,

human being,

τὰ πολλὰ ς.,
=
οἱ πολλοί, S.Ant.676; λευκὰ γήρᾳ ς. E. HF909
(lyr.);

“ς. ἄδικα” Id.Supp.223, cf. Pl.Lg.908a, PSI 4.359.9 366.7
(iii
B.C.), etc.; ἑκάστου τοῦ σώματος, IG12.22.14;

“κατὰ σῶμα”
per person,PRev.Laws50.9 (iii B.C.);

“καταστήσαντες τὸ ς.
ἀφείσθωσαν
τῆς ἐγγύης” PMich.Zen.70.12 (iii B.C.); ἐργαζομένη αὑτῇ τῷ
ἰδίῳ ς.

working for herself, earning her own living,

PEnteux.26.7 (iii
B.C.);

τὰ φίλτατα ς.,
of children, Aeschin.3.78;
freq.
of slaves, αἰχμάλωτα ς. D.20.77, IG12(7).386.25 (Amorgos, iii B.C.),
SIG588.64 (Milet., ii B.C.), etc.; οἰκετικὰ ς. Lexap.Aeschin.1.16,
cf.
SIG633.88 (Milet., ii B.C.); “δοῦλα” Poll.3.78; ἐλεύθερα ς.
X.HG2.1.19, Plb.2.6.6, etc.; l
ater, σῶμα is used abs. for a slave,
PHib.1.54.20
(iii B.C.), Plb.12.16.5, Apoc.18.13, etc.; “ς. γυναικεῖον, ᾇ ὄνομα

. . ” GDI2154.6 (Delph., ii B.C.);

a usage censured by Poll.l.c. and Phryn.355;
also of troops, “τὴν τῶν ς. σύνταξιν” Aen.Tact.1.1;
“μηχανήμασιν ἢ σώμασιν ἐναντιοῦσθαι ὧδε” Id.32.1.

III. generally,

a body, i.e.
any corporeal substance,

δεῖ αὐτὸ (sc. τὸ ὄν）“ ς. μὴ ἔχειν”
Meliss.9; “ἢ μέγεθός ἐστιν ἢ ς. ἐστιν” Gorg.3; ς. ἄψυχον,
ἔμψυχον, Pl.Phdr.245e, cf. Plt.288e, Arist.Ph.265b29, al.; “ὁ λίθος
ς.
ἐστι” Luc.Vit.Auct.25; “φασὶν οἱ μὲν ς. εἶναι τὸν χρόνον,
οἱ δὲ
ἀσώματον” S.E.M.10.215; κυκλικὸν ς., of one of the spheres,
Jul.Or.5.162b, al.; τὸ πέμπτον ς.
the fifth element, Philol.12,
Placit.1.3.22, Jul.Or.4.132c; metallic substance, Olymp. Alch.p.71 B.

2. Math., figure of three dimensions,
solid, opp. a surface, etc.,
Arist.Top.142b24, Metaph.1020a14, al.

IV. the body or whole of a thing,
esp. of complete parts of the body,

“τὸ ς. τῶν νεφρῶν” Id.HA497a9; “τὰ ς. τῶν αἰσθητηρίων”
Id.GA744b24; τὸ ς. τῆς γαστρός, τῆς κοιλίας, Gal.15.667,806; “ς
.
παιδοποιόν” Ael.NA17.42:

generally,
the whole body
or frame of a thing,

“ὑπὸ σώματι γᾶς”
A.Th. 947 (lyr.); τὸ ς. τοῦ παντός, τοῦ κόσμου, Pl.Ti.31b. 32c;
ὕδωρ, ποταμοῦ ς. Chaerem.17; τὸ ς. τῆς πίστεως
the body of the proof, i.e. arguments, Arist.Rh.1354a15; “τῆς λέξεως” Longin.Rh.p.188
H.;

of a body of writings, Cic.Att.2.1.4; text of a document, opp. ὑπογραφή
, BGU187.12 (ii A.D.), cf. PFay.34.20 (ii A.D.); of a will, POxy.494.30
(ii
A.D.).

2. ξύλα σώματα logs, opp. κλάδοι, POxy.1738.3 (iii A.D.); “ς.
μέγα
περσέας” CPHerm.7 ii 27, cf. iii 8 (iii A.D.). 

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corpus, -ŏris, neuter. cf. Sanscr. "kar-:, to make; Lat. "creo", create.

I.

any object composed of materials perceptible by the senses,
body, substance
(opp. anima and animus; cf. the definition in Dig. 41, 3, 30 pr.).

I. Lit.
(very frequent in every period and species of composition).

A. In gen.,
a body, whether living or lifeless:

“tangere aut tangi nisi corpus nulla potest res,”
 Lucr. 1, 305:

“animi  voluptates et dolores nasci fatemur e corporis voluptatibus et doloribus, etc.,”

  Cic. Fin. 1, 17, 55; cf. id. Tusc. 4, 10, 23: “vita, quae corpore et
spiritu continetur,” id. Marcell. 9, 28: “parvissima quaeque Corpora
constabunt ex partibus infinitis,” Lucr. 1, 617: “ignea rerum,” id. 1, 680: “
terraï,” id. 5, 236: “acerbum Neptuni,” id. 2, 472: “aquae,” id. 2, 232 et
saep.

—Poet., plur. for sing.: “nudabant corpora (nymphae) venti,” Ov. M. 1,
527; Tib. 1, 8, 52
(cf. σώματα, Soph. Elec. 1232).—


B. In partic.

1. The flesh of animal bodies:
“ossa subjecta corpori,” Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 139; cf. Quint. 1, prooem. §
24; “12, 10, 5: amittere,” to become poor, lean, Lucr. 1, 1038; Cic. Fam. 7,
26, 2 fin.; cf.: “abiit corpusque colorque,” Ov. H. 3, 141; “and the opp.
facere,” to become fat, to thrive, Cels. 7, 3 fin.; cf.: “quo cibo
fecisti tantum corporis,” Phaedr. 3, 7, 5.

—In a play upon words: “inque omni nusquam corpore corpus erat,” Mart.
Spect. 7, 6.—


b. Transf., the wood under the bark of a tree, Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 234.
—

Of discourse: “nervis illis, quibus causa continetur, adiciunt
superinducti corporis speciem,” the covering, integument, Quint. 5, 8, 2; 2, 10, 5: “
corpus eloquentiae facere,” the substance, the most essential part, id. 10,
1, 87; cf.: “corpus orationis enervatur,” Petr. 2.—

2. A lifeless body, a corpse,
Caes. B. G. 2, 10; 2, 27; Liv. 32, 13, 8 et saep.; Ov. M. 7, 548; id. F. 2,
835 al.
—In a double sense, Cic. Sull. 31, 89 Halm.—Poet.,
the souls of the dead, the shades or departed spirits, Verg. A. 6, 303; 6,
306.—

3. As opposed to the head, the trunk, Ov. M. 11, 794.—

4. In mal. part., the body, person:

“usuram ejus corporis cepit sibi,” Plaut. Am. prol. 108: “illa quae corpus
puplicat volgo suum,” id. Bacch. 4, 8, 22; id. Cist. 2, 3, 21; cf.: “
corpore quaestum facere,” id. Poen. 5, 3, 21 al.; “v. quaestus.

— Hence also,” the testicles, Phaedr. 3, 11, 3; Hor. S. 1, 2, 43.—

5. Periphrastically for the individual, the person (esp. poet., to suggest
that which is physically admirable or excellent; “also freq. in the
histt.):

delecta virum corpora,” Verg. A. 2, 18; cf.: “lectissima matrum,” id. ib.
9, 272: “quo pulchrior alter non fuit, excepto corpore Turni,” id. ib. 7,
650; “11, 690: septena quot annis Corpora natorum,” id. ib. 6, 22: “ultor
vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis,” Ov. M. 3, 58; 7, 655: “sororum,” Sil.
14, 105; Val. Fl. 2, 653: “conjugum vestraque ac liberorum vestrorum,”
Liv. 21, 13, 7; Tac. A. 4, 72 et saep.: “uti corpora nostra ab injuriā tuta
forent,” Sall. C. 33, 2; Liv. 9, 8, 5; 31, 46, 16: “qui liberum corpus
(sc. Virginiam) in servitutem addixissent,” id. 3, 56, 8; so, “liberum,”
Sall. C. 33, 2; Liv. 5, 22, 1; 29, 21, 6; Plin. Pan. 33, 1.

—Of animals:

corpora magna boum, heads, Verg. G. 3, 369: “seu quis Pascit equos ...
Corpora praecipue matrum legat,” id. ib. 3, 51; id. A. 1, 193: “pro tribus
corporibus triginta milia talentum auri precatur accipias,” Curt. 4, 11, 6.—

II. Metonymy,
a whole composed of parts united, a body, frame, system,
structure, community, corporation, etc.; “of ships,” the framework, Caes. B. C.
1, 54.
—Of fortifications: “totum corpus coronā militum cingere,” Caes. B. G. 7,
72.
—Of a land: “Sicilia dirempta velut a corpore majore,” Just. 4, 1, 1.
—Of the state: “alterum (praeceptum Platonis), ut totum corpus rei
publicae curent, nec dum partem aliquam tuentur, reliquas deserant,” Cic. Off. 1,
25, 85: “quae (multitudo) coalescere in populi unius corpus poterat,” Liv.
1, 8, 1; cf. id. 34, 9, 3; and: “nullum civitatis,” a political body, id.
26, 16, 9; 38, 9, 12; Tac. G. 39; Just. 3, 2, 2: “totum corpus Macedoniae,”
id. 7, 1, 12; Liv. 26, 16, 9: “sui corporis regem creari,” id. 1, 17, 2:
“corpus mercatorum,” guild, Ambros. Ep. 20, 6: “corpori valido caput
deerat (sc. exercitui dux),” Liv. 5, 46, 5: “oriundi ab Sabinis sui corporis
creari regem volebant,” id. 1, 17, 2; cf. id. 4, 9, 4; 6, 34, 5 al.: “
fabrorum et naviculariorum,” Dig. 50, 6, 5: “utros ejus habueris libros ... duo
enim sunt corpora ... an utrosque, nescio,” Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 11 (13), 4; so
of a book, id. Fam. 5, 12, 4; Sen. Tranq. 9, 6; Suet. Gram. 6; Dig. 32, 50
al.; cf.: “corpus omnis Romani juris,” Liv. 3, 34, 7; “hence, Corpus Juris,
” title of a Roman collection of laws, Cod. Just. 5, 13: “rationum,” Dig.
40, 5, 37: “patrimonii,” ib. 4, 2, 20: “omnia maternae hereditatis,” ib.
4, 31, 79.
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Grice,


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Grice, H. P. "Method in philosophical psychology". Grice uses 'soul' for 'psykhe', presupposing a corresponding notion of 'body'.

Grice, H. P. "Personal identity". He refers in the opening sections to the mind/body distinction: "I" -- does it refer to a mental item or a bodily item, or both? "I was hit by a cricket ball".

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"body"

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"Some body"
"Somebody"

"I am hearing a noise"
"Someone is hearing a noise".

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Strawson, "The concept of a person" -- unity body-soul.

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Grice-Myro, theory of identity, for identity-thesis.

Etc.