by JLS
-for the GC
WE ARE DISCUSSING HOW sound you can be in arguing 'probabilities'. Jones and I agree that you can -- sonorously sound.
Jones refers to something like the wiki, 'soundness':
"The word derives from the Germanic 'Sund' as in
Gesundheit, meaning health. Thus to say that an
argument is sound means, following the etymology, to
say that the argument is healthy."
---- And trust Aristotle to go:
--- "You said 'healthy'?! There are 54 ways in which things are healthy."
Grice discusses something like those 54 ways in his "Aristotle on the multiplicity" (essay). They all boil down to ONE sense. I forget what Aristotle thought was primarily healthy. A man, I suppose. Then the food he eats. Then his lifestyle. Then more of the food. Then the primary substance. It all boils down to the primary substance in Aristotle, although most nutritionists agree that boiling substances decrease their value qua healthy.
Jones:
"Presumably the origin of this use of "sound" is in the
way in which one tests wood for rot. You tap it
and listen, and if it sounds sound you are OK."
--- For which an expansion on what kind of sound that sound is welcomed.
"In my youth I had a vac job with "The Coal Board" (now
deceased) which included visiting pits to test whether
the main axle on the pit head was still sound. This
we did with ultrasonics."
So, the argument, while sound, was inductive.
-----
You get a few Aristotelian hits for
"healthy" and "urine"
---
1. Aristotle's Nicomachean ethics: an introduction -
Michael Pakaluk - 2005 - Philosophy - 342 pages
"We apply the term "healthy," Aristotle observes, to all
of the following:
a. urine,
b. food,
c. a living body.
"But these - certainly "healthy urine" and "healthy food" ..."
Pakaluk notes that the student may find it confusing that
----- "healthy urine"
has 'healthy' meaning the same as
----- "healthy food"
----
Surely no polysemy is involved. Grice, "Do not multiply senses beyond necessity".
So, as Pakaluk explains:
the meaning or sense of, er, ... not urine, but 'healthy', is
------ HEALTHY BODY (as in the Roman motto, "a healthy mind in a healthy body"0
Urine is PRODUCED by the body.
A healthy body produces healthy urine.
Similarly System GHP is sound "iff its inference rules prove only formulas that are valid with respect to its semantics." "To say that an argument is sound means to say that the argument is healthy."
---
books.google.com.ar/books?isbn=0521817420...Ancient Philosophy 4
"healthy", if not 'urine', is
"a term which is said of many things,"
-- like being -- cfr. Aristotle on the multiplicity of 'being'"
"but with different meanings. "healthy" can be rendered "that
which has health.""
"But an animal has health differently than his diet and urine do."
"Yet we say of all three that they are healthy."
--- a) healthy cow.
--- b) healthy grass
--- c) healthy urine.
"It is because we must refer to
the health of the animal
to grasp the meaning of "healthy" as said of "urine" that
we recognize a primary and controlling sense of the term"
-- in fact the only one, because the others we 'produce' by implicature.
home.comcast.net/~icuweb/c02404.htm
--- Or Studtmann in his entry to "categories' in the Stanford Encyclopaedia:
"According to Aristotle, some words do
not express a genus"
--- Jones has analyzed ths vis a vis 'izz' versus 'hazz' --
"but instead are what he calls "pros hen" homonyms — that
is, homonyms related to one thing ("pros hen"), variously
called cases of ‘focal meaning’ or ‘focal connection’ or ‘core-dependent homonymy’ in the literature on this topic (1003a35 ff.)."
Such as Grice in "Aristotle on the multiplicity of being". Grice's example: "French" -- French poem, French poet, French man --.
"Such words", Studmann continues, "are applicable to various
items in the world in virtue of the fact that those
items all bear some type of relation to some one
thing or type of thing."
---- Still a different example is "number" and "soul" -- There is not ONE generic type of soul: there is vegetal soul, animal soul, human soul. Similarly, there is no need for an abstract 'number' if we can understand, "four, five, six," etc. ("Developing series").
--- Studtmann goes on: -- recall we are doing this an an excercise for 'sound':
"An example of such a homonym, according to
Aristotle, is ‘healthy’"
--- as when the wiki, figuratively, says "Gesundheit!" and calls an argument healthy.
"A regimen, he says, is healthy
because it is productive of health; urine
is healthy because it is indicative of health; and
Socrates is healthy because he has health. In
this case, a regimen, urine and Socrates are
all called ‘healthy’ not because they stand
under some one genus, namely healthy things, but
instead because they all bear some
relation to health."
Monday, June 14, 2010
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