Implicatures in Hopi

by JLS
for the GC

Furhter to R. Wallis's ref., commented by J -- "Implicatures in Hopi". This time from the wiki:

"Hopi uses suffixes for a variety of purposes. Some examples are:
suffix purpose example meaning
mi to, towards itamumi towards us
ni future tuuvani will throw
ngwu habitual suffix tuuvangwu usually throws
pe location Ismo'walpe at Ismo'wala
q distance suffix atkyamiq all the way to the bottom."

"Hopi also has free postpositions:
akw with (instrumental)
angkw from
ep at/in/on"

"Nouns are marked as objective by either the suffixes -t for simple nouns or -y for dual nouns (those referring to exactly two individuals), possessed nouns or plural nouns. Some examples are shown below:
nominative objective meaning
himutski himutskit shrub
iisaw iisawuy coyote
itam itamuy we/us
nuva nuvat snow
nu' nuy I/me
paahu paahut spring water
pam put he/she/it
puma pumuy they
tuuwa tuuwat sand
um ung you"

"Verbs are also marked by suffixes but these are not used in a regular pattern. For example the suffixes -lawu and -ta are both used to make a simple verb into a durative one (implying the action is ongoing and not yet complete) but it is hard to predict which suffix applies to which verbs. Second language learners of Hopi usually simply learn this by rote."

"There are some gender specific terms in Hopi:
male speech female speech meaning
a'ni hin'ur very
kwakwhay askwali thank you"

"The simplest type of sentence in Hopi consists of simply a subject and a predicate, such as 'Maana wuupa'"

The girl is tall.

"However, many Hopi sentences also include an object which is inserted between the subject and the verb. Thus, Hopi is a Subject-Object-Verb language."

"Nouns are marked as nominative/objective as shown above.
Pronouns are also marked as either nominative or objective. For example, the singular subject pronoun you in Hopi is um and the form for the singular object pronoun is ung.
Demonstratives are marked by case in Hopi, shown here first in their subjective form and then in their objective one:
iˈ/it - this
pam/put - that (closer object)
miˈ/mit - that (further object)
ima/imuy - these
puma/pumuy - those (closer object)
mima/mimuy - those (further object)"

"Hopi has plural verbs. Dual noun subjects take the dual suffix -vit but singular verbs. Hopi does not have dual pronouns; instead, the plural pronouns may be used with singular verbs for a dual meaning. Noun and verb plurality is indicated, among other devices, by partial reduplication, marked in the gloss below with a tilde (~).)"

Noun subject Pronoun subject
Sg taaqa nøøsa ni’ nøøsa
a man ate I ate
Du taaqa-vit nøøsa itam nøøsa
two men ate we two ate
Pl taa~taqt nøø~nøsa itam nøø~nøsa
several men ate we all ate

"Metaphysics. Benjamin Lee Whorf, a well-known linguist, used the Hopi language to exemplify his argument that one's world-view is affected by one's language and vice-versa."

"Among Whorf's most astounding claims was that Hopi had

“no words, grammatical forms, construction or expressions that refer directly to what we call “time.”[5]"

"However, other linguists and philosophers are skeptical of Whorf's argument, and his findings on Hopi have been disputed or rejected by some.[6]."

"According to Guy Deutscher, Whorf did not visit the Hopi in their native habitat and his understanding of the language came from one indian who was living in New York.[7]"

Hopi Dictionary: Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni
Qatsi trilogy
Notes
describes q as being like Arabic or Nootka q, which suggests a uvular articulation.
^ Carroll, John B. (ed.)(1956). Language Thought and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. MIT Press, Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-262-73006-5 9780262730068
^ "Setting the Record Straight About Native Languages: Language Complexity". Native Languages of the Americas. http://www.native-languages.org/iaq7.htm#12. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
^ "Interview with Guy Deutscher on Thinking Allowed BBC radio programme". http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sjpsm.

Bibliography
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"External links include Hopi: Survey of an Uto-Aztecan Language
Hopi -na (LaVerne Jeanne and Kenneth L. Hale)
Ethnologue entry on the Hopi language."