Problems with identity

Grice finds that if we 'link' the identity of a and b with the truth of the formula bearing the weaker sense -- where a and b are NOT dominant --,

"any affirmative identity formula

involvingg two vacuous individual

constants will be true"

and that is NOT interesting. We want an interestingly weak notion of identity, but we need to incorporate the predicate 'it is believed...' to do just that.

This is Grice, p. 133.